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AP Psychology > Unit 9: Cognitive Psychology - Intelligence and Testing > Flashcards

Unit 9: Cognitive Psychology - Intelligence and Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of intelligence?

A

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors of intelligence?

A
  • general intelligence (g)
  • primary mental abilities (s)
  • factor analysis
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3
Q

What is general intelligence (g)?

A

Charles Spearman’s belief that intelligence is GENERAL. People who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well

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4
Q

What is primary mental abilities (s)?

A

L.L. Thurstone’s belief that intelligence is made up of DISTINCT, INDEPENDENT abilities

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5
Q

What are Thurstone’s 7 primary mental abilities?

A
  • spatial ability
  • perceptual speed
  • numerical ability
  • verbal meaning
  • memory
  • word fluency
  • reasoning
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6
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A type of statistical procedure, helped developed by Charles Spearman, that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test

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7
Q

What are the 3 broadened theories of intelligence?

A
  • theory of multiple intelligences
  • the triarchic theory of intelligence
  • emotional intelligence
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8
Q

What is Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

A

There are 8 types of intelligences and speculates about a ninth one called existential intelligence

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9
Q

What are the 8 types of intelligences?

A
  • linguistic
  • logical-mathematical
  • musical
  • spatial
  • bodily-kinesthetic
  • intrapersonal
  • interpersonal
  • naturalist
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10
Q

What is linguistic intelligence?

A

The capacity to use language to express what’s on your mind and to understand other people (T.S. Eliot, poet)

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11
Q

What is logical-mathematical intelligence?

A

The ability to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system (Albert Einstein, scientist)

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12
Q

What is musical intelligence?

A

The capacity to think in music, to be able to hear patterns, recognize them, and perhaps manipulate them (Igor Stravinsky, composer)

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13
Q

What is spatial intelligence?

A

The ability to present the spatial world internally in your mind (Pablo Picasso, artist)

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14
Q

What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

A

The capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body to solve a problem, make something, or put on a production (Martha Graham, dancer)

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15
Q

What is intrapersonal intelligence?

A

Having an understanding of yourself, of knowledge who you are, what you can do (Sigmund Freud, psychiatrist)

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16
Q

What is interpersonal intelligence?

A

The ability to understand other people (Mahatma Gandhi, leader)

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17
Q

What is naturalist intelligence?

A

The ability to discriminate among living things as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (Charles Darwin, naturalist)

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18
Q

What is existential intelligence?

A

The ability to think about the question of life, death, and existence

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19
Q

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Robert Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of intelligence according to Robert Sternberg?

A
  • analytical
  • creative
  • practical
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21
Q

What is analytical intelligence?

A

The ability to learn how to do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge (INTELLIGENCE TESTS)

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22
Q

What is creative intelligence?

A

The ability to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, and respond well in situations

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23
Q

What is practical intelligence?

A

The ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems, like everyday tasks (STREET SMARTS)

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24
Q

What is Goleman’s emotional intelligence?

A

Recognizing emotions in others, managing relationships (interpersonal) as well as knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions (intrapersonal)

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25
What is a limitation of Spearman's general intelligence (g)?
Human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor
26
What is a limitation of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
Should all of our abilities be considered intelligences? Shouldn't some of them be called less vital talents instead?
27
What is creativity?
The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems
28
What is convergent thinking?
A thought process that narrows in on the single best solution to a problem
29
What is divergent thinking?
A thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems
30
Charles Spearman
General intelligence (g)
31
L.L. Thurstone
Primary mental abilities (s)
32
Howard Gardner
Multiple intelligences
33
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic theory of intelligence
34
Daniel Goleman
Popularized the theory of EQ, social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence, just like academics
35
Alfred Binet
Formed the Binet-Simon Scale to test mental age and helped develop the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS)
36
Lewis Terman
Helped develop Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS) and the Intelligence Quotient
37
Intelligence Quotient equals
Mental age/chronological age times 100
38
David Wechsler
WAIS (16 plus) and WISC (3-16)
39
Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray
The bell curve ... intelligence is a sort of knob in the head
40
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS)
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test (IQ equation)
41
Mental age (MA) vs. Chronological age (CA)
MA is what a person of a particular age should know, while CA is your actual age
42
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ score on a test, NOT something you have, just a number, and is not applicable to adults
43
Wechsler tests
Verbal and performance section to obtain a full IQ scale
44
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (16+)
45
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (ages 3-16)
46
Normal distribution (normal curve)
95% of all people fall within 30 points of 100 /// 68% of people score within 15 points of 100
47
Validity
What the test is suppose to measure or predict
48
Internal validity
The degree to which a researcher controls for and reduces the effects of extraneous variables that can affect study outcomes so that they represent true outcomes
49
External validity
The degree to which results from an experiment can be generalized to other individuals beyond the study
50
Reliability
The test yields consistent results
51
Split-half reliability
Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are
52
Test-retest reliability
Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency
53
Equivalent form method
Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them
54
Standardization
Administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison
55
Standardization sample
Defining meaningful scores by comparison
56
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance, the ability to learn a new skill, and the capacity to learn (SAT)
57
Achievement test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned, reflect what you have already learned (AP Tests)
58
Nature
Genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics
59
Nurture
Environmental variables, childhood experiences, how we were raised, social relationships, cultures
60
Heritability
The extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes, increases with age
61
Giftedness
More than excellence in the tasks provided by standard intelligence tests
62
Intellectual disability
Mental retardation (limited mental ability, indicated by a score less than 70)
63
Savant syndrome
Have exceptional abilities in a specific area in contrast to their overall disability
64
Bell curve
Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray (intelligence is a knob in the head // IQ tests are accurate // due to heredity)
65
Socioeconomic and ethnic differences | in intelligence
The lower in the income, the lower IQ score // African Americans and Latinos tend to get lower IQs // Asian children have the best IQ
66
Flynn Effect
IQ scores have been increasing over time
67
Sterotype Threat
When facing a negative stereotype, one's performance will confirm that the stereotype is true
68
Culturally biased intelligence tests
Most consider intelligence to be biased against African Americans and lower class members
69
Culture-free intelligence tests
Cattel and Goodenough's tests tried to prevent this, but it failed
70
Eugenics Movement
People were being sterilized if they were not smart and it was believed that in order to create a smart population, you have to breed two smart people

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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