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AP Psychology > Unit 11: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 11: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is social perception?

A

A subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify our impressions of other people.

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2
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

To evaluate others in terms of first impressions

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3
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

To evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression

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4
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

One trait of a person is used to make an overall judgement of that person

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5
Q

Examples of halo effect.

A
  1. Tall = Successful
  2. Outspoken = Intelligent
  3. Pleasing accent = Sweet
  4. Attractive = Successful in jobs and marriages
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6
Q

What are attributions?

A

Assumptions about why people behave in a certain way

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7
Q

What is the attribution process?

A
  1. Assume the person’s behavior comes from their personality

2. Think about the situation the person is in

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8
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

Something WITHIN the person we observe (personality); also called internal attribution

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9
Q

What is situational attribution?

A

Caused by something OUTSIDE the person we observe (their situation); also called external attribution

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10
Q

What are the consequences of these attributions?

A
  • Distort our views of others
  • Generalize other people’s behavior
  • Make assumptions, which are often incorrect
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11
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

To overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of the situation

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12
Q

Why is it called the “fundamental” attribution error?

A

It is so widespread and occurs in all cultures

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13
Q

What culture does the fundamental attribution error occur in the most?

A

Individualistic, western cultures

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14
Q

Who don’t commit the FAE much?

A

Happily married couples

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15
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A

To attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors

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16
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

To view one’s success as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors

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17
Q

What is just-world bias?

A

To view actions as reciprocals of morally fair and fitting consequences

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18
Q

Examples of just-world bias?

A
  • She got what she deserved

- What goes around comes around

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19
Q

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

An individual’s expectations about another person resulting in the other person acting in ways that confirm the expectations

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20
Q

What is the pygmalion effect?

A

High expectations lead to improved performance in a given area

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21
Q

What is the false-consensus effect?

A

To overestimate how much other people agree with us

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22
Q

Who is Solomon Asch?

A

He conducted the conformity experiment – a group of people + an unknown participant guess which lines match each other. The group’s answers are completely off and it tested to see if the unknown participant conformed or not

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23
Q

Who is Fritz Heider?

A

“Humans are naive scientists”; says that humans are analytical beings who seek to understand and explain behavior; conducted the study of apparent behavior where almost all of the people explained the video of shapes in human terms

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24
Q

Who are Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson?

A

Pygmalion effect – if teachers were led to expect enhanced performance from children, then the children’s performance was enhanced (self-fulfilling prophecies)

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25
What is social influence?
The ways in which people influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of others
26
What is conformity?
Changing our behavior of beliefs to match those of others -- behavior is contagious
27
What is compliance?
Changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person
28
What is obedience?
Performing an action under the orders of an authority figure
29
What are social norms?
Explicit and implicit rules that reflect social expectations and influence the way people behave in social situations
30
What are social roles?
The part people play as members of a social group
31
Explain the Stanford Prison Experiment.
College students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment. It was intended to measure the effect of role-playing, labeling, and social expectations on behaviour over a period of two weeks
32
What is social (observational) learning?
Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others
33
Who is Stanley Milgram?
Conducted an obedience experiment -- how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person (shocking them)
34
Who is Philip Zimbardo?
The Stanford Prison Experiment conductor
35
Who is Albert Bandura?
Conducted Bobo Doll experiment regarding the social learning theory. The child imitated the adults punching the doll
36
What are attitudes?
An enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that evokes an emotional response and related behavior
37
What is the A-B Problem?
The issue of how well we can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes
38
What are stereotypes?
Oversimplified generalizations of people who belong to a particular social group
39
What is prejudice?
Negative feelings toward people who belong to a particular social group
40
What is discrimination?
Negative ACTIONS toward others
41
What is ethnocentrism?
Using your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures
42
Robber's Cave experiment explanation.
Sherif (psychologist) placed two groups of boys in competition with each other. They showed that intergroup conflict comes from competition for resources
43
What is a superordinate goal?
Goals that are worth completing but require two or more social groups to cooperatively achieve
44
Elaboration likelihood model explanation.
The view that persuasive messages are evaluated on the basis of central and peripheral cues
45
Central Route is ...
Thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message
46
Peripheral Route is ...
Source expertise (credibility)
47
Fear appeal is ..
Type of persuasion that influences behavior on the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis
48
Selective avoidance is ...
Diverting one's attention from information that is inconsistent with one's attitudes
49
Selective exposure is ...
Deliberately seeking and attending to information that is consistent with one's attitudes
50
Mere exposure effect is ...
People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
51
Foot-in-the-door technique is ...
A method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request
52
Door-in-the-face technique is ...
Making a large request, then asking for a smaller one that the person will agree with
53
Cognitive-dissonance theory is ...
The view that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent
54
Leon Festinger ...
When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie (cognitive dissonance)
55
Jane Elliott ...
Blue eye vs brown eyed prejudice
56
Muzafer Sherif ...
Boys camp showing ingroup conflict
57
Social facilitation is ...
A person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior
58
Social loafing is ...
Tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
59
Diffusion of responsibility is ...
As the number of bystanders increases, the personal responsibility that an individual bystander feels decreases
60
Evaluation apprehension is ...
Uneasiness or worry about being judged by others, especially worry experienced by participants in an experiment as a result of their desire to be evaluated favorably by the experimenter or by others observing their behavior
61
Social decision schemas are ...
Rules for predicting the final outcome of group decision making on the basis of the member's initial positions
62
Group polarization is ...
A group makes more extreme decisions than they would have if they had to make the decision individually
63
Risky shift is ...
Deals with RISKY and more extreme decisions
64
Groupthink is ...
We no longer are thinking as individuals and rather as though we have one collective mind
65
Deindividuation is ...
People engage in seemingly impulsive, deviant, and sometimes violent acts in situations in which they believe they cannot be personally identified (e.g., in groups and crowds and on the Internet)
66
Altruism is ...
Selfless concern for the welfare of others, which requires empathy
67
Bystander effect is ...
Tendency for a person to be less likely to provide help if others are present
68
Kitty Genovese
Murdered even though there were over 50 witnesses
69
John Darley and Bibb Latane
Smoke filled room experiment -- if people sitting near the participant didn't take action, the participant wouldn't either
70
Norman Triplett
Discovered social facilitation -- presence of others can change our abilities and performance (football player sees stadium packet and gets a touchdown or stage fright)

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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