Unit 9 chapter 15

Question 1

Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Since Freud’s time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have
involved verbal interaction.
b. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud’s psychoanalysis.
c. All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment.
d. Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.

Answer 1

b. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud’s psychoanalysis.

Question 2

Which type of psychotherapist participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order
to enhance clients’ understanding of themselves and their problems?
a. biomedical therapist
b. insight therapist
c. homeopathic therapist
d. behaviour therapist

Answer 2

b. insight therapist

Question 3

Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to work through the troubles in her relationship with
her father. During her meetings with her therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy
verbal interactions, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential
solutions for the problems she is facing. Which type of therapy is most consistent with this
example?
a. behaviour
b. homeopathic
c. insight
d. biomedical

Answer 3

c. insight

Question 4

Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking. The therapist has
described a number of specific techniques that Claude might try to eliminate his behaviour of
smoking. Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example?
a. biomedical
b. insight
c. homeopathic
d. behaviour

Answer 4

d. behaviour

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the main categories of treatment?
a. insight therapies
b. biomedical therapies
c. behaviour therapies
d. revelation therapies

Answer 5

d. revelation therapies

Question 6

Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks. She thinks she may need to see a
therapist to help her overcome her depression, but she doesn’t want to see anyone who is
going to dwell on her childhood and try to work through any problems she experienced years
ago. She wants to see someone who will focus on direct treatment of her current symptoms. In
this example, which type of therapy does Leslie want to avoid?
a. behavioural
b. noninvasive
c. insight
d. biomedical

Answer 6

c. insight

Question 7

What are the two most common problems among those who seek psychotherapy?
a. excessive anxiety and depression
b. loneliness and boredom
c. low self-esteem and irrational thinking
d. marital conflicts and a sense of emptiness

Answer 7

a. excessive anxiety and depression

Question 8

Which type of psychologist is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health
problems?
a. applied
b. school
c. clinical
d. counselling

Answer 8

c. clinical

Question 9

What is the main practical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling
psychologist?
a. Only the clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs.
b. The clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the
counselling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment
problems.
c. Clinical psychologists are trained to provide behaviour therapy; counselling
psychologists are trained to provide insight therapy.
d. The clinical psychologist has a doctorate; the counselling psychologist has a
master’s degree.

Answer 9

b. The clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the
counselling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment
problems.

Question 10

Which of the following academic degrees is NOT associated with being a psychologist?
a. Ph.D.
b. Ed.D.
c. M.D.
d. Psy.D.

Answer 10

c. M.D.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of psychiatrists?
a. They have essentially the same education as clinical psychologists.
b. They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders.
c. They are less likely to use psychoanalytic methods than psychologists.
d. They focus exclusively on biomedical therapies in treating psychological
disorders.

Answer 11

b. They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders

Question 12

Which of the following disorders would be least likely to be treated by psychiatrists?
a. schizophrenia
b. mood disorder
c. anxiety disorder
d. marital problems

Answer 12

d. marital problems

Question 13

Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. Which of the following
would Clive be more likely to do?
a. treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults
b. deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace usually
sees
c. take a psychoanalytic approach in treating patients, while Grace would take a
behavioural approach
d. have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree

Answer 13

d. have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree

Question 14

Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local
hospital. He plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. What is Gilbert training
to be?
a. counselling psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
c. psychiatrist
d. psychiatric nurse

Answer 14

c. psychiatrist

Question 15

Lloyd is experiencing symptoms consistent with major depressive disorder. In particular, he
has a very negative way of looking at the world. He sees himself as a failure who will never
be happy or successful because he has no skills. This extreme pessimism has caused him to
lose friends and his work has suffered. Lloyd’s family has convinced him that he needs to
seek treatment, and Lloyd has agreed. He hates how he feels but doesn’t know what to do to
change things on his own.

15. Which of the following would represent a valid reason for Lloyd to choose a psychiatrist to
    treat his depression?
    a. Psychiatric care is covered by government-funded health insurance.
    b. Psychologists are not regulated or licensed by any official regulatory bodies.
    c. Psychologists deal with only minor adjustment problems, rather than serious
    mental disorders.
    d. Psychiatrists are better trained in methods used to treat depression.

Answer 15

a. Psychiatric care is covered by government-funded health insurance.

Question 16

If Lloyd’s symptoms of depression go away prior to any treatment, what is this recovery
called?
a. refractory period
b. placebo effect
c. spontaneous remission
d. independent recovery

Answer 16

c. spontaneous remission

Question 17

Which of the following therapies would be most likely to directly address Lloyd’s negative
thought patterns?
a. cognitive
b. insight
c. psychoanalytic
d. aversion

Answer 17

c. psychoanalytic

Question 18

If Lloyd were prescribed a medication to help treat his depression, which of the following
would most likely be prescribed?
a. MAO inhibitors
b. lithium
c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d. benzodiazapines

Answer 18

c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 19

If Lloyd’s depression does not respond to therapy or drug treatment, which of the following
might be considered as a treatment option?
a. electroconvulsive therapy
b. antipsychotic medication
c. cingulotomy
d. prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 19

a. electroconvulsive therapy

Question 20

Which of the following modern practitioners are most likely to use psychoanalysis?
a. psychiatrists
b. clinical psychologists
c. social workers
d. counselling psychologists

Answer 20

a. psychiatrists

Question 21

Belle has her master’s degree and she provides counselling and support to patients who have
recently received treatment at a mental health facility. Which of the following would Belle
most likely describe herself as?
a. a psychiatrist
b. a clinical social worker
c. a psychiatric nurse
d. a counselling psychologist

Answer 21

b. a clinical social worker

Question 22

Which type of therapy is based on the idea that interactions designed to help a client develop
self-knowledge, and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behaviour?
a. emotive therapy
b. insight therapy
c. psychopharmacological therapy
d. behavioural therapy

Answer 22

b. insight therapy

Question 23

What do psychoanalytic, client-centred, and cognitive therapies have in common?
a. They all require an M.D. degree to practise.
b. They all use drugs as part of the treatment.
c. They all deal with psychotic problems.
d. They all stress insight into the self.

Answer 23

d. They all stress insight into the self.

Question 24

What happens in free association?
a. Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur.
b. Clients relate the events of their dreams as they remember them.
c. Clients are restricted to talking about their sexual conflicts only.
d. Therapists openly express their interpretations of clients’ thoughts and feelings.

Answer 24

a. Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur.

Question 25

Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and
starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks
that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say
whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who
use which of the following approaches in therapy?
a. psychoanalytic
b. holistic
c. cognitive
d. client-centred

Answer 25

a. psychoanalytic

Question 26

Which of the following would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the
unconscious mind?
a. the content of dreams
b. the client’s attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
c. the client’s feelings toward the therapist
d. transference

Answer 26

a. the content of dreams

Question 27

In treating an abnormal behaviour, what is a psychoanalyst trying to discover?
a. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
b. inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
c. ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized
d. the environmental conditions that are maintaining the behaviour at its current
frequency

Answer 27

a. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour

Question 28

You make an appointment to see a therapist, and as you are waiting, you notice that a large
number of the books on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Sigmund Freud. Which
of the following would you expect this therapist to do?
a. emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious
awareness
b. help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
c. provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to determine the
pace and direction of your therapy
d. use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours

Answer 28

a. emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious
awareness

Question 29

Dr. Paat believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated by bringing
unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness. This is consistent with the
theories of which of the following?
a. Joseph Wolpe
b. Hans Eysenck
c. Carl Rogers
d. Sigmund Freud

Answer 29

d. Sigmund Freud

Question 30

According to Freud, neurosis usually results from unconscious conflicts over which of the
following urges?
a. sex and aggression
b. power and aggression
c. power and achievement
d. sex and achievement

Answer 30

a. sex and aggression

Question 31

What did Freud theorize about events that occur in dreams?
a. They have no connection to the client’s real life and thus are irrelevant in therapy.
b. They are symbolic representations of recent events in the client’s life.
c. They are logical interpretations of random neural activation.
d. They need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.

Answer 31

d. They need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.

Question 32

Josie has been in psychotherapy for five years. At the start of each session she describes any
dreams that she has had since her last session. Her therapist analyzes the symbolism in these
dreams, and helps Josie understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie the dreams. In this
case, which approach does Josie’s therapist use?
a. psychoanalysis
b. client-centred approach
c. biofeedback therapy
d. rational-emotive therapy

Answer 32

a. psychoanalysis

Question 33

What is a therapist looking to discover by using free association and dream analysis?
a. the unconscious
b. irrational thoughts
c. maladaptive behaviours
d. the conscious

Answer 33

a. the unconscious

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a Freudian technique that is used to bring unconscious
material to consciousness?
a. analysis of transference
b. free association
c. dream analysis
d. directed confrontation

Answer 34

d. directed confrontation

Question 35

Michelle has been having a recurring dream for the past four months, and during a session
with her psychotherapist, the therapist proposed one possible explanation that might give
meaning to the images in Michelle’s dream. In providing an explanation for the meaning of
the dream, what is the therapist doing?
a. clarification
b. free association
c. interpretation
d. transference

Answer 35

c. interpretation

Question 36

What is resistance, in the context of therapy?
a. largely unconscious defensive manoeuvres intended to hinder the progress of
therapy
b. conscious efforts to hinder the progress of therapy
c. the client’s reaction to sexual advances from the therapist
d. subtle, primarily unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their
parents’ demands

Answer 36

d. subtle, primarily unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their
parents’ demands

Question 37

Clifton has been in psychotherapy for several months, but during the last few sessions he has
been distracted and inattentive. When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has
had recently, Clifton insists that he doesn’t remember any of his dreams. According to Freud,
what does Clifton’s behaviour represent?
a. defensive neurosis
b. resistance
c. insight
d. transference

Answer 37

b. resistance

Question 38

What is transference, in the context of therapy?
a. when the therapist treats the client as though the client was an important authority
figure
b. transferring memories of past traumatic experiences to current dreams
c. when the client makes conscious attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
d. the client’s redirection toward the therapist of unconscious emotional reactions
originally felt toward others

Answer 38

d. the client’s redirection toward the therapist of unconscious emotional reactions
originally felt toward others

Question 39

Which of the following would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?
a. The patient shifts social roles during the course of therapy.
b. The patient changes the way he feels about people close to him.
c. The patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient’s parent.
d. The patient transfers from one stage of analysis to another

Answer 39

c. The patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient’s parent.

Question 40

What is the term for treating the therapist as though he were a very important person from
one’s past, such as a parent?
a. frustration
b. resistance
c. reaction formation
d. transference

Answer 40

d. transference

Question 41

Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately she has started to express a
strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously she is acting toward him the way she
wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, what does Tasha’s
behaviour represent?
a. transference
b. resistance
c. free association
d. defensive neurosis

Answer 41

a. transference

Question 42

After several months of psychoanalysis, Andy begins to feel intensely angry with his
therapist, although the therapist has been consistently warm and supportive. How would a
psychoanalyst interpret Andy’s feelings?
a. They are a result of sudden insight about some childhood experience.
b. They are due to a misinterpretation of the therapist’s behaviour.
c. They are signs of an impending psychosis.
d. They are a result of transference

Answer 42

d. They are a result of transference

Question 43

Jorge has been in psychotherapy for several months. When he first started therapy Jorge had a
very positive relationship with his therapist. However, over the past two weeks he has shown
increasing hostility, and he often yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her
interpretations of the things that Jorge says during therapy. According to Freud, what does
Jorge’s behaviour represent?
a. evidence of defensive neurosis
b. evidence that his psychological problems are worsening
c. a sign of transference
d. a sign of repressed free association

Answer 43

c. a sign of transference

Question 44

How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?
a. by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings
b. by moving to a new topic for discussion
c. by ignoring the diversion and recentering on the real problem
d. by modelling new behaviour for the client

Answer 44

a. by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings

Question 45

Rogers named his technique “client-centred therapy.” What belief was he trying to emphasize
with this term?
a. The client is in a position of natural status and authority over the therapist.
b. Clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their
therapy.
c. Therapists should always share all of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with
clients.
d. Clients should always be the centre of attention.

Answer 45

b. Clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their
therapy.

Question 46

What was the basis for Carl Rogers’s client-centred therapy?
a. behaviourist tradition
b. psychoanalytic tradition
c. humanistic tradition
d. cognitive tradition

Answer 46

c. humanistic tradition

Question 47

. Which therapeutic technique focuses on providing a supportive emotional climate for clients,
who in turn play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. client-centred therapy
c. rational-emotive therapy
d. Gestalt therapy

Answer 47

b. client-centred therapy

Question 48

According to Rogers, when does personal distress occur?
a. when a person engages in negative thinking
b. when there is incongruence between a person’s self-concept and reality
c. when unconscious conflicts threaten to rise to the surface of conscious awareness
d. when a person is lacking in self-control

Answer 48

b. when there is incongruence between a person’s self-concept and reality

Question 49

Which of the following is a primary goal of client-centred therapy?
a. to help clients achieve a greater understanding of how long-repressed childhood
conflicts can affect their adult behaviour
b. to help clients realize they don’t have to worry constantly about approval from
others
c. to change the ways clients think
d. to modify clients’ maladaptive behaviour patterns

Answer 49

b. to help clients realize they don’t have to worry constantly about approval from
others

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believes is
necessary in client-centred therapy to encourage client growth?
a. genuineness
b. empathy
c. unconditional positive regard
d. directedness

Answer 50

d. directedness

Question 51

Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients, and she never becomes defensive, even if
the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, which
quality does Dr. Benz display in dealing with her clients?
a. empathy
b. unconditional positive regard
c. genuineness
d. validity

Answer 51

c. genuineness

Question 52

Charlene is talking with her father, and she confesses that she lied about where she had been
on the weekend. Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn’t approve of her
lying. According to Carl Rogers, which quality does Charlene’s father display?
a. validity
b. unconditional positive regard
c. selective abstraction
d. empathy

Answer 52

b. unconditional positive regard

Question 53

Client: “I’ve had a bad week. I’m really down.” Therapist: “You’ve had some unpleasant
experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result.” What is the therapist’s
statement in this interaction intended to communicate to the client?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. empathy
c. disapproval
d. genuineness

Answer 53

b. empathy

Question 54

Lance tells his therapist, “My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned
about what happens to me.” Lance’s therapist knows that he has many friends who are
concerned about him, but she tells him, “I understand why you might feel that way right now,
and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment.” In this interaction,
what quality does Lance’s therapist display?
a. clarification
b. unconditional positive regard
c. empathy
d. genuineness

Answer 54

c. empathy

Question 55

Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a client-centred therapist in
treating a chronically anxious client?
a. “Let’s see if we can identify the irrational beliefs that are producing your anxiety.”
b. “So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”
c. “Let’s look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your
anxiety.”
d. “Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support
when you were a child?”

Answer 55

b. “So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”

Question 56

Dr. Yosef is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He encourages
his clients to talk about their concerns, and he often acts as a sounding board, restating and
clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns
and problems. Which type of therapist does Dr. Yosef appear to be?
a. a psychoanalyst
b. a therapist who uses existential therapy methods
c. a client-centred therapist
d. a therapist who uses cognitive-behaviourist methods

Answer 56

c. a client-centred therapist

Question 57

What is the key task for the therapist in client-centred therapy?
a. clarification
b. cognitive evaluation
c. behaviour modification
d. interpretation

Answer 57

a. clarification

Question 58

Emotion-focused couples’ therapy is a treatment approach developed by Greenberg and
Johnson in which couples are encouraged to identify their needs and express their needs.
Which of the following approaches is this therapy based on?
a. existentialist therapy
b. psychoanalysis
c. client-centred therapy
d. cognitive-behavioural therapy

Answer 58

c. client-centred therapy

Question 59

Gerry has been diagnosed with depression and is seeing a therapist. His therapist encourages
Gerry to think about his strengths, and has asked him to keep a journal in which he notes all
the good things that happen to him. Which approach is Gerry’s therapist using?
a. positive psychotherapy
b. behavioural therapy
c. systematic desensitization
d. psychoanalysis

Answer 59

a. positive psychotherapy

Question 60

. In therapy, Sarah is learning to appreciate the little things in her life and to focus on personal
growth. Which of the following theoretical approaches is consistent with this type of therapy?
a. psychodynamic theory
b. structuralism
c. behaviourism
d. positive psychology

Answer 60

d. positive psychology

Question 61

Which statement about group therapy is least accurate?
a. The therapist may share his or her personal experiences and feelings with the
group.
b. Therapy groups typically consist of 4 to 15 participants.
c. Group participants essentially function as therapists for each other.
d. Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy

Answer 61

d. Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy

Question 62

. What is the most important thing for group members to do in group therapy?
a. reduce both transference and resistance
b. challenge one another’s false belief structures
c. increase conformity and compliance
d. provide acceptance and emotional support

Answer 62

d. provide acceptance and emotional support

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT among the advantages of group therapy?
a. It provides an opportunity for participants to work on social skills in a safe
environment.
b. Participants often come to realize that their misery is not unique.
c. Certain kinds of problems are especially well-suited to group treatment.
d. It produces a significantly higher recovery rate than individual therapy

Answer 63

d. It produces a significantly higher recovery rate than individual therapy

Question 64

What is the term for recovery from a disorder without formal treatment?
a. reified recovery
b. placebo effect
c. countertransference
d. spontaneous remission

Answer 64

d. spontaneous remission

Question 65

With regard to psychological disorders, what does spontaneous remission refer to?
a. failure to recover despite extensive treatment
b. recovery from a disorder that occurs as a result of formal treatment
c. sudden recurrence of a disorder in a client who had apparently been cured
d. recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

Answer 65

d. recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

Question 66

Carolyn worked for the same company for 12 years. Six months ago the company closed
down. Carolyn had been feeling extremely depressed over the loss of her job, and she had
considered seeing a therapist for help with her depression. However, for the past week she has
been feeling much better, and has decided that she doesn’t need professional treatment after
all. In this case, what appears to have happened to Carolyn?
a. personal insight
b. placebo effect
c. transference
d. spontaneous remission

Answer 66

d. spontaneous remission

Question 67

Given the results of studies that have examined the effectiveness of insight therapy, which
portion of therapy tends to result in the greatest improvement?
a. The first 13–18 sessions of therapy.
b. Any portion of therapy that shows evidence of transference.
c. The latter portions of therapy, after approximately 20 weeks of treatment.
d. The therapy portion that follows the onset of drug treatment

Answer 67

a. The first 13–18 sessions of therapy.

Question 68

If you are evaluating clients’ subjective ratings of changes in their feelings, measures of
clients’ behavioural changes, and therapists’ subjective ratings of changes in clients’ adaptive
functioning, what are you trying to measure?
a. personality differences among clients
b. effectiveness of therapy
c. placebo effects
d. therapists’ professional competence

Answer 68

b. effectiveness of therapy

Question 69

What is common in virtually all forms of insight therapy which produce positive outcomes?
a. Clients experience spontaneous remission.
.b. Therapists provide tangible support for the client
c. Drug therapy is used to supplement the insight therapy.
d. Insight therapy is combined with another form of therapy.

Answer 69

b. Therapists provide tangible support for the client

Question 70

Which of the following would be a behaviour therapist’s major concern in treating an
abnormal behaviour?
a. the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
b. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
c. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviour
d. the ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized

Answer 70

c. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviour

Question 71

What does behaviour therapy require?
a. The client must passively accept suggestions for change.
b. The client’s vague complaints must be translated into concrete behavioural goals.
c. The client must develop insight into his or her irrational thought processes.
d. The client’s concrete complaints must be translated into abstract constructs

Answer 71

b. The client’s vague complaints must be translated into concrete behavioural goals.

Question 72

From where does behaviour therapy derive its principles?
a. psychodynamic theories that posit a protective purpose for behaviour
b. research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe
c. the wholistic perspective of Gestalt psychology
d. cognitive research into fundamental errors in thought

Answer 72

b. research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe

Question 73

Dr. Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated if clients’
vague complaints are translated into concrete behavioural goals. Knowing this, you might
expect that Dr. Stroetz’s bookshelves contain a large number of books written by which
authors?
a. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
b. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
c. B. F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe
d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 73

c. B. F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe

Question 74

You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a large
number of the books on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Joseph Wolpe. What
should you expect from this therapist?
a. He will emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into
conscious awareness.
b. He will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
c. He will use counterconditioning to reduce anxiety responses.
d. He will provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to
determine the pace and direction of your therapy.

Answer 74

c. He will use counterconditioning to reduce anxiety responses.

Question 75

. According to behaviour therapists, how should pathological behaviours be viewed?
a. They should be viewed as the expression of an unconscious sexual or aggressive
conflict.
b. They are signs of an underlying emotional or cognitive problem.
c. They can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of
conditioning.
d. They are the product of irrational thinking

Answer 75

c. They can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of
conditioning.

Question 76

Joseph Wolpe launched behaviour therapy in 1958. Which technique did he develop?
a. aversion therapy
b. systematic desensitization
c. token economy
d. social skills training

Answer 76

b. systematic desensitization

Question 77

What type of conditioning is the basis for systematic desensitization?
a. instrumental
b. classical
c. operant
d. aversive

Answer 77

b. classical

Question 78

What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization?
a. operant conditioning
b. counterconditioning
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement

Answer 78

b. counterconditioning

Question 79

If you think about a snake phobia in classical conditioning terms, what term is used to
describe the sight of the snake?
a. unconditioned response
b. conditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 79

c. conditioned stimulus

Question 80

When Brett was only six years old, his older sister hid in his closet, then unexpectedly jumped
out and scared him when he came into his dark bedroom. Brett is still terrified of the dark
even as an adult. Based on principles of classical conditioning, what is Brett’s fear of the
dark?
a. a result of counterconditioning
b. an unconditioned response
c. a conditioned response
d. a result of observational learning

Answer 80

c. a conditioned response

Question 81

When Kayla was only six years old, her older brother hid in her closet, then unexpectedly
jumped out and grabbed her when she came into her dark bedroom. Kayla is still frightened in
dark places, even as an adult. Based on principles of classical conditioning, what term
describes the experience of being grabbed unexpectedly by her brother?
a. conditioned stimulus
b. counterconditioning
c. transference
d. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 81

d. unconditioned stimulus

Question 82

When Ling was eight years old, she was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as
she was walking under a ladder. As an adult, Ling is still terrified of ladders. Based on
principles of classical conditioning, what term is used to label the sound of the car backfiring?
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
c. counterconditioning
d. transference

Answer 82

a. unconditioned stimulus

Question 83

When Donovan was four years old he was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just
as he was walking past a fire hydrant. As an adult, Donovan is still fearful of fire hydrants and
avoids walking near them. Based on principles of classical conditioning, what is Donovan’s
current fear of fire hydrants?
a. conditioned response
b. result of counterconditioning
c. unconditioned response
d. result of observational learning

Answer 83

a. conditioned response

Question 84

In systematic desensitization, what type of response is supposed to replace the fear response?
a. cognitive response
b. unconditioned response
c. relaxation
d. defensive response

Answer 84

c. relaxation

Question 85

5. What is the purpose of using the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization?
   a. It delays transfer of treatment to real-life situations.
   b. It allows a gradual approach to the feared object.
   c. It allows for the use of real objects instead of imagination.
   d. It forces direct confrontation with the feared object

Answer 85

b. It allows a gradual approach to the feared object

Question 86

Which treatment method is based on the idea that you can’t be profoundly relaxed and fearful
at the same time?
a. systematic desensitization
b. behaviour modification
c. successive goal approximations
d. psychodynamic activation

Answer 86

a. systematic desensitization

Question 87

Which “behaviour” is incompatible with anxiety, and is used in systematic desensitization in
an attempt to recondition phobic cues?
a. vigorous exercise
b. deep muscle relaxation
c. imagined fear
d. imagined pleasant experience

Answer 87

b. deep muscle relaxation

Question 88

Bintu is so terrified of snakes that even walking on sidewalks covered with earthworms after a
rain storm makes her feel anxious. Her behavioural therapist has been helping Bintu overcome
her fear by having her work through an anxiety hierarchy while she maintains a state of deep
relaxation. What technique is her therapist using?
a. aversion therapy
b. hypnotherapy
c. biofeedback
d. systematic desensitization

Answer 88

d. systematic desensitization

Question 89

Which of the following disorders would be ideal for treatment with exposure therapy?
a. anorexia
b. schizophrenia
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. major depression

Answer 89

c. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 90

What is aversion therapy designed to do?
a. remove negative associations using classical conditioning techniques
b. remove negative associations using operant learning techniques
c. remove pleasant associations using observational learning techniques
d. remove pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques

Answer 90

d. remove pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques

Question 91

A therapist attempts to treat a man for his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of
children with painful electric shocks. What procedure is being used?
a. aversion therapy
b. social skills training
c. extinction
d. systematic desensitization

Answer 91

a. aversion therapy

Question 92

George is a child molester. In therapy, George is shown pictures of children, and every time
he begins to evidence physiological arousal, he is administered a shock. What technique is
being used?
a. aversion therapy
b. biofeedback therapy
c. rational-emotive therapy
d. systematic desensitization

Answer 92

a. aversion therapy

Question 93

What technique is being used if you give an alcoholic an emetic drug so that each time she
takes a drink she becomes violently ill?
a. negative reinforcement therapy
b. behavioural redirection
c. systematic desensitization
d. aversive conditioning

Answer 93

d. aversive conditioning

Question 94

Stefano loves rich desserts, but he knows that eating a lot of desserts is bad for his heart. He
was unable to control his desire for them until he read an article in a magazine. The article
suggested that every time a person looked at a tempting, but forbidden food, he or she should
form a mental image of something disgusting. Stefano has been doing this for the past month
and he no longer finds desserts to be as tempting as they used to be. What technique has
Stefano used?
a. negative reinforcement
b. systematic desensitization
c. aversion therapy
d. observational learning

Answer 94

c. aversion therapy

Question 95

Heather is a smoker who is unable to quit, even though she knows that smoking is ruining her
health. Finally, she decides to enter therapy in an attempt to control her desire for cigarettes.
In this case, what would be the best behavioural therapy technique to use in helping Heather
eliminate her smoking habit?
a. systematic desensitization
b. aversion therapy
c. negative reinforcement
d. social skills training

Answer 95

d. social skills training

Question 96

Which of the following is NOT a component of social skills training?
a. behavioural rehearsal
b. modelling
c. aversive stimuli
d. shaping

Answer 96

c. aversive stimuli

Question 97

Which of the following is a critical component associated with social skills training?
a. behavioural rehearsal
b. biofeedback
c. transference
d. classical conditioning

Answer 97

a. behavioural rehearsal

Question 98

Which type of treatment uses modelling, behavioural rehearsal, and shaping as its major
tools?
a. rational-emotive therapy
b. insight-rehearsal training
c. cognitive restructuring
d. social skills training

Answer 98

d. social skills training

Question 99

Earl is an extremely aggressive child who often hits other children when he can’t get his own
way. Earl is now seeing a behavioural therapist who has discussed appropriate ways of
interacting with peers, and has shown Earl several videotapes of children resolving conflicts
in nonaggressive ways. Earl has also engaged in “role play,” during which the therapist has
provided corrective feedback and positive reinforcement. What type of treatment is this?
a. systematic desensitization
b. social skills training
c. rational-emotive therapy
d. aversion therapy

Answer 99

b. social skills training

Question 100

What does cognitive therapy emphasize?
a. modifying maladaptive behaviours
b. reliving of traumatic childhood experiences
c. increasing the client’s self-awareness and self-acceptance
d. recognizing and changing negative thought patterns

Answer 100

d. recognizing and changing negative thought patterns

Question 101

Dr. Guralski believes that most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and
maladaptive beliefs. Knowing this, you might expect to find a lot of books by which of the
following authors on Dr. Guralski’s bookshelves?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Aaron Beck
c. Carl Rogers
d. Hans Eysenck

Answer 101

b. Aaron Beck

Question 102

You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a large
number of the books on the therapist’s shelves deal with the work of Aaron Beck. Which of
the following would you expect from this therapist?
a. She will use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours.
b. She will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
c. She will provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to
determine the pace and direction of your therapy.
d. She will emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into
conscious awareness.

Answer 102

b. She will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.

Question 103

What was cognitive therapy originally developed to treat?
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety problems
d. marital problems

Answer 103

b. depression

Question 104

According to Beck, which types of thought processes tend to produce depression?
a. focusing selectively on positive experiences
b. drawing negative conclusions about one’s personal worth based on insignificant
events
c. failing to accept responsibility for one’s own actions
d. blaming setbacks on circumstantial factors

Answer 104

b. drawing negative conclusions about one’s personal worth based on insignificant
events

Question 105

What do clients do in self-instructional training, the therapeutic approach developed by
Meichenbaum?
a. They teach themselves new skills, rather than relying on the therapeutic
relationship.
b. They learn to develop and use verbal statements that help them cope with difficult
situations.
c. They use manuals for behaviour that they follow, step-by-step, until they have
documented improvement.
d. They learn the skills of psychoanalysis so that they may use the procedures at
home, outside the therapeutic context.

Answer 105

b. They learn to develop and use verbal statements that help them cope with difficult
situations.

Question 106

Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a cognitive therapist in
treating a chronically anxious client?
a. “Let’s see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your
anxiety.”
b. “Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support
when you were a child?”
c. “Let’s look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your
anxiety.”
d. “So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”

Answer 106

a. “Let’s see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your
anxiety.”

Question 107

Dr. Varsho is a psychotherapist who often argues openly with her clients. She is very
assertive, and tries to persuade her clients to alter their patterns of thinking. Which of the
following is most likely true of Dr. Varsho?
a. She is probably not very successful as a therapist.
b. She is using a client-centred approach to therapy.
c. She is a therapist who uses Beck’s cognitive approach.
d. She is using a modern psychodynamic approach to therapy

Answer 107

c. She is a therapist who uses Beck’s cognitive approach.

Question 108

From which other type of therapy does cognitive therapy borrow many techniques?
a. group
b. psychodynamic
c. client-centred
d. behaviour

Answer 108

d. behaviour

Question 109

Bryson was surprised by his first psychotherapy session. When the session was over the
therapist gave Bryson a homework assignment. She asked Bryson to record any thoughts that
came to his mind when he experienced a setback at home or in his job. In this case, which
approach does Bryson’s therapist likely use?
a. psychoanalytic approach to therapy
b. Beck’s cognitive therapy
c. client-centred therapy
d. social skills training

Answer 109

b. Beck’s cognitive therapy

Question 110

William is trying to simply examine how he feels at this very moment. He is identifying his
emotions and thinking about what is going on around him, without trying to change or judge
the overall experience. What is this technique called?
a. desensitization
b. mindfulness
c. existentialist therapy
d. rational-emotive therapy

Answer 110

b. mindfulness

Question 111

When evaluating the effectiveness of behaviour therapies, which of the following is supported
by research?
a. Behaviour therapies are only marginally effective, even though they are very
popular.
b. Behaviour therapies are very effective for treating vague symptoms, but not
concrete symptoms.
c. Behaviour therapies are always more effective than insight therapies.
d. Behaviour therapies have good evidence of effectiveness, but not for all disorders

Answer 111

d. Behaviour therapies have good evidence of effectiveness, but not for all disorders

Question 112

For which of the following disorders do behaviour therapies appear to be particularly
effective?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. major depression
c. phobias
d. multiple-personality disorders

Answer 112

c. phobias

Question 113

Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Behaviour therapists have historically placed little emphasis on measuring
therapeutic outcomes.
b. Insight therapists generally can measure progress more precisely than behaviour
therapists because of the nature of their therapeutic goals.
c. Behaviour therapies can make important contributions in treating obsessivecompulsive disorder, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and hyperactivity.
d. The evidence for the effectiveness of insight therapy is stronger than the evidence
for the effectiveness of behaviour therapy

Answer 113

c. Behaviour therapies can make important contributions in treating obsessivecompulsive disorder, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and hyperactivity.

Question 114

Dr. Ng is a surgeon who specializes in the use of ECT and localized cortical lesions for the
treatment of drug-resistant depression. Which of the following best describes Dr. Ng?
a. biomedical therapist
b. psychodynamic therapist
c. behavioural therapist
d. psychiatrist

Answer 114

a. biomedical therapist

Question 115

Why has the use of pre-frontal lobotomy as a treatment for mental disorders decreased over
the past century?
a. Powerful drug treatments have been developed, and drug treatments are less
invasive than psychosurgery.
b. None of the surgical procedures that were formerly used resulted in any real
improvement, so they were all abandoned.
c. It has been banned by the United Nations.
d. It has been determined that this procedure is the best treatment for a number of
subtypes of schizophrenia, but there are few individuals with those disorders.

Answer 115

a. Powerful drug treatments have been developed, and drug treatments are less
invasive than psychosurgery.

Question 116

What type of treatment is used if you are using psychopharmacotherapy?
a. insight therapy
b. electroconvulsive shock
c. medication
d. surgery

Answer 116

c. medication

Question 117

What is the most widely prescribed class of psychiatric drugs?
a. antidepressant drugs
b. antipsychotic drugs
c. antianxiety drugs
d. neuroleptics

Answer 117

a. antidepressant drugs

Question 118

What is Valium?
a. antidepressant drug
b. antianxiety drug
c. MAO inhibitor
d. antipsychotic drug

Answer 118

b. antianxiety drug

Question 119

What are the two major antianxiety drugs or tranquillizers?
a. Prozac and Zoloft
b. Valium and Xanax
c. Thorazine and Haldol
d. Elavil and Nardil

Answer 119

b. Valium and Xanax

Question 120

Frank has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antianxiety medication. When should
Frank expect to experience some relief from his symptoms of anxiety?
a. only after 6–8 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
b. almost immediately after taking the drug for the first time
c. only after 1–2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
d. within 24 hours of taking the drug for the first time

Answer 120

b. almost immediately after taking the drug for the first time

Question 121

Madeleine has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug from the
benzodiazepine family to reduce the severity of Madeleine’s symptoms. In this case, what is
Madeleine most likely being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety disorder
d. bipolar disorder

Answer 121

c. anxiety disorder

Question 122

Brian has been feeling anxious and tense as his final exams approach. He schedules an
appointment with his doctor to find out if there is something he can take to help him feel more
relaxed and less anxious. If Brian’s doctor prescribes a medication for the symptoms that
Brian is experiencing, what would it most likely be?
a. Nardil
b. Prozac
c. Thorazine
d. Xanax

Answer 122

d. Xanax

Question 123

What is the most commonly cited side effect associated with antianxiety drugs?
a. blurred vision
b. insomnia
c. tachycardia
d. drowsiness

Answer 123

d. drowsiness

Question 124

. Gil has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce
the severity of Gil’s symptoms. What is Gil most likely being treated for in this case?
a. mild depression
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder

Answer 124

c. schizophrenia

Question 125

What type of drug is Thorazine?
a. antianxiety
b. antidepressant
c. mood-altering
d. antipsychotic

Answer 125

d. antipsychotic

Question 126

Eartha has been experiencing mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Her parents
schedule an appointment with a therapist to find out if there is something she can take to
reduce her symptoms. What is the doctor most likely to prescribe in this case?
a. Prozac
b. Xanax
c. Nardil
d. Thorazine

Answer 126

d. Thorazine

Question 127

Jennifer’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that alters the activity in dopamine synapses.
What is Jennifer most likely being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety disorder
d. bipolar disorder

Answer 127

a. schizophrenia

Question 128

What percentage of psychotic patients respond favourably to traditional antipsychotic
medication?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 40 percent
d. 70 percent

Answer 128

d. 70 percent

Question 129

Which of the following is true of antipsychotic drugs?
a. They are effective in about 95 percent of psychotic patients.
b. They are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical psychotic
disorder.
c. They tend to produce an immediate, but short-lasting, effect.
d. They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

Answer 129

d. They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

Question 130

Cyrus has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antipsychotic medication. When should
Cyrus expect to experience a noticeable reduction in his symptoms of schizophrenia?
a. within 24 hours of taking the drug for the first time
b. only after 6–8 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
c. within 2–3 hours of taking the drug for the first time
d. after 1–2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug

Answer 130

d. after 1–2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug

Question 131

Nelson has just begun taking antipsychotic medication to treat his symptoms of schizophrenia.
He took his first dose about 12 hours ago, but so far his family sees no change in his
condition. What advice should they be given?
a. Early changes due to antipsychotic medication are usually not apparent to
nonprofessionals, who are unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.
b. Patients usually don’t begin responding to antipsychotic drugs for at least a few
days.
c. If he doesn’t show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of
medication should be tried.
d. He may have been misdiagnosed as schizophrenic.

Answer 131

b. Patients usually don’t begin responding to antipsychotic drugs for at least a few
days.

Question 132

Which of the following is NOT an effect associated with antipsychotic drugs?
a. increased mental confusion
b. decreased activity at dopamine synapses
c. reduced hyperactivity
d. reduced delusions

Answer 132

a. increased mental confusion

Question 133

What is tardive dyskinesia?
a. a disorder that emerges after long-term use of lithium
b. a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements
c. a serious side effect of long-term use of antidepressant drugs
d. a disorder that can be cured with the same medication used to treat schizophrenia

Answer 133

b. a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements

Question 134

Colton has been taking a drug to control a psychological disorder. Some of the side effects
that he has been experiencing include drowsiness, constipation, and tardive dyskinesia. In this
case, what is Colton most likely being treated for?
a. anxiety disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. bipolar disorder
d. depression

Answer 134

b. schizophrenia

Question 135

What is the side effect associated with taking traditional antipsychotic drugs that is
characterized by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements?
a. tardive dyskinesia
b. tachycardia palpitations
c. MAO inhibition
d. infindibular recidivism

Answer 135

a. tardive dyskinesia

Question 136

In comparison to traditional antipsychotic drugs, which of the following is true of atypical
antipsychotic drugs?
a. They are less effective in treating schizophrenia and have more unpleasant side
effects.
b. They are less effective in treating schizophrenia but have fewer unpleasant side
effects.
c. They are equally as effective in treating schizophrenia and have fewer unpleasant
side effects.
d. They are more effective in treating schizophrenia but have more unpleasant side
effects.

Answer 136

c. They are equally as effective in treating schizophrenia and have fewer unpleasant
side effects.

Question 137

Why might someone prefer to take atypical antipsychotic drugs, rather than traditional ones?
a. They are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
b. They can be used to treat depression and anxiety, in addition to schizophrenia.
c. They seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.
d. They seem to produce more severe side effects, but they work much more quickly

Answer 137

c. They seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.

Question 138

Which of the following are patients more vulnerable to if they are taking atypical
antipsychotic drugs?
a. tardive dyskinesia
b. diabetes and cardiovascular problems
c. depression
d. insomnia and hyperactivity

Answer 138

b. diabetes and cardiovascular problems

Question 139

What are the tricyclics and the MAO inhibitors?
a. antipsychotic drugs
b. mood stabilizers
c. antianxiety drugs
d. antidepressants

Answer 139

d. antidepressants

Question 140

Which of the following drugs is NOT an antidepressant?
a. Prozac
b. Elavil
c. Valium
d. Nardil

Answer 140

c. Valium

Question 141

Andreas has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antidepressant medication. Which of
the following drugs is Andreas most likely to be prescribed?
a. the tricyclic called Elavil
b. the benzodiazapine called Xanax
c. the SSRI called Paxil
d. the MAO inhibitor called Nardil

Answer 141

c. the SSRI called Paxil

Question 142

Kayla has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce
the severity of Kayla’s symptoms. What is Kayle being treated for?
a. schizophrenia
b. anxiety disorder
c. bipolar disorder
d. depression

Answer 142

d. depression

Question 143

Lancaster has been feeling worthless and unmotivated since he lost his job six months ago. He
schedules an appointment with his doctor to find out if there is some physical problem that is
causing his symptoms. His doctor tells Lancaster that he has a psychological disorder that
should respond well to medication. Which of the following is the doctor most likely to
prescribe?
a. Zoloft
b. Thorazine
c. Xanax
d. Valium

Answer 143

a. Zoloft

Question 144

Which if the following is true of the newest antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Paxil, and
Zoloft?
a. They also reduce the manic symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.
b. They increase levels of dopamine in the brain.
c. They slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses.
d. They act as MAO inhibitors

Answer 144

c. They slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses.

Question 145

Ariana’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that slows the reuptake process at serotonin
synapses. What is Ariana most likely being treated for?
a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. somatoform disorder
d. bipolar disorder

Answer 145

a. depression

Question 146

Nancy has just begun taking antidepressant medication to treat her symptoms of depression.
She took her first dose about 12 hours ago, but so far her family sees no change in her
condition. What advice should they be given?
a. She may have been misdiagnosed.
b. Patients usually don’t begin responding to antidepressant drugs for at least a week
or two.
c. If she doesn’t show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of
medication should be tried.
d. Early changes due to antidepressant medication are usually not apparent to
nonprofessionals, who are unfamiliar with the signs of improvement

Answer 146

b. Patients usually don’t begin responding to antidepressant drugs for at least a week
or two

Question 147

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the antidepressant drugs
known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
a. The drugs have negative effects on sexual functioning, and patients experience
withdrawal symptoms if treatment is terminated abruptly.
b. They are broad-spectrum drugs than can successfully treat depression, bipolar
disorder, and schizophrenia.
c. The drugs reduce the symptoms of depression, but they often increase levels of
anxiety, which can lead to aggressive or suicidal behaviour.
d. There are few, if any, negative side effects, and patients can safely terminate their
use of the drug at any time without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 147

a. The drugs have negative effects on sexual functioning, and patients experience
withdrawal symptoms if treatment is terminated abruptly.

Question 148

According to Simon and Savarino’s research that examined medical records of thousands of
patients, when are people with depression at greatest risk for attempting suicide?
a. several months before beginning treatment
b. in the first few weeks after drug treatment begins
c. in the first few weeks after psychotherapy begins
d. in the month before treatment begins

Answer 148

d. in the month before treatment begins

Question 149

What disorder is lithium used to treat?
a. schizophrenia
b. major depression
c. multiple-personality disorder
d. bipolar mood disorder

Answer 149

d. bipolar mood disorder

Question 150

Which of the following is a major drug that has been used to control mood swings in bipolar
mood disorders?
a. Prozac
b. lithium
c. Thorazine
d. Xanax

Answer 150

b. lithium

Question 151

Ulrich alternates between periods of elation and depression. Which of the following
medications is he MOST likely to receive to control his condition?
a. Xanax
b. Thorazine
c. Prozac
d. lithium

Answer 151

d. lithium

Question 152

Price has had several episodes of severe depression, but for the past week he has been
euphoric and hyperactive, and he hasn’t slept for the past four nights. His family is concerned,
and they have brought him to a mental health clinic for treatment. If the doctor who sees him
prescribes medication to reduce Price’s current symptoms, which medication is most likely to
be prescribed?
a. a drug from the benzodiazepine family
b. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
c. a tricyclic drug
d. lithium

Answer 152

d. lithium

Question 153

Which of the following is one of the newest drug treatments for bipolar disorder?
a. Alprazolam
b. Setraline
c. Haloperidol
d. valproate

Answer 153

d. valproate

Question 154

In comparison to lithium, what is true of the newer mood stabilizer, valproate?
a. It is roughly as effective in treating bipolar disorder and has fewer adverse effects.
b. It is less effective in treating bipolar disorder but has fewer adverse effects.
c. It is more effective in treating bipolar disorder but has more adverse effects.
d. It is less effective in treating bipolar disorder and has more adverse effects.

Answer 154

a. It is roughly as effective in treating bipolar disorder and has fewer adverse effects.

Question 155

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the use of drugs to treat mental
disorders?
a. Drugs are simply sedating patients rather than treating them, and drug treatments
are very expensive.
b. Psychoactive drugs may produce superficial treatment but do not provide a cure, as
evidenced by high relapse rates when the drug is discontinued.
c. Drugs appear to be effective only because they are prescribed to individuals who
are likely to experience spontaneous remission.
d. Psychoactive drugs are all very addictive and there is a large withdrawal effect
when the drugs are discontinued.

Answer 155

b. Psychoactive drugs may produce superficial treatment but do not provide a cure, as
evidenced by high relapse rates when the drug is discontinued.

Question 156

It has been suggested that many prescriptions for psychoactive drugs are given to patients
without sufficient consideration or supplementation of alternative therapies, and without
adequate supervision. What is the consequence of this sort of therapeutic neglect?
a. Patients may be overmedicated, or exposed to potentially lethal side effects.
b. Many patients are treated for their disorders, but have a difficult time getting
prescriptions refilled.
c. Patients are cured, but feel that they didn’t have any control over the process of
treatment.
d. Patients are treated for the wrong symptoms.

Answer 156

a. Patients may be overmedicated, or exposed to potentially lethal side effects.

Question 157

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the pervasive influence of pharmaceutical
companies on the use of psychiatric medications?
a. Studies of the effectiveness of various drugs, and the potential side effects, are
compromised by conflict of interest, given that a large number of researchers have
financial ties to the drug companies.
b. Research designs for efficacy studies are slanted in a way that enhances the
positive effects of the drugs.
c. Psychiatrists risk losing their licences if they do not prescribe medications for
serious mental disorders.
d. Industry-financed drug trials are too brief to detect long-term problems associated
with various drugs

Answer 157

c. Psychiatrists risk losing their licences if they do not prescribe medications for
serious mental disorders.

Question 158

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy?
a. Many drugs are overprescribed, and many patients are overmedicated.
b. The side effects may be worse than the illnesses they are supposed to cure.
c. They temporarily relieve symptoms without addressing the real problem.
d. The therapy is typically expensive

Answer 158

d. The therapy is typically expensive

Question 159

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)?
a. It is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia.
b. It is a useful method of inducing compliance.
c. It is one of the key components in aversion therapy.
d. It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Answer 159

d. It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Question 160

You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the late
1930s or early 1940s, which disorder is the patient most likely being treated for?
a. epilepsy
b. schizophrenia
c. severe depression that has not responded to medication
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 160

b. schizophrenia

Question 161

You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting modern treatment (within
the past decade or so), then which of the following is most likely?
a. The patient is being treated for severe schizophrenia that has not responded to
medication.
b. The documentary is inaccurate because electroconvulsive shock therapy hasn’t
been used since the 1970s.
c. The documentary is an “undercover exposé,” and the doctor administrating the
treatment is in violation of current ethical guidelines.
d. The patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to
medication

Answer 161

d. The patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to
medication

Question 162

Which of the following represents a normal prognosis after treatment using electroconvulsive
therapy?
a. significant improvement, but relapse within 6 months
b. complete recovery, with some memory deficits
c. change in diagnosis from depression to dysthymia
d. significant improvement for approximately 20 percent of patients

Answer 162

d. significant improvement for approximately 20 percent of patients

Question 163

Which of the following is true of the risks of ECT (electroconvulsive shock therapy)?
a. Risks are so severe that the use of ECT has been banned by law.
b. Risks may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment.
c. Risks have been completely eliminated by modern improvements in the procedure.
d. Risks are negligible, as long as appropriate precautions are taken

Answer 163

b. Risks may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment.

Question 164

For which of the following disorders has transcranial magnetic stimulation been successfully
used as treatment?
a. bipolar disorder
b. depression
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder

Answer 164

b. depression

Question 165

If you know that your friend is going to receive treatment using deep brain stimulation, which
of the following types of disorders would it be for?
a. mood disorders like depression or dysthymia
b. psychotic disorders like schizophrenia
c. anxiety disorders like obsessive compulsive disorder
d. motor disorders like Parkinson’s or tardive dyskinesia

Answer 165

d. motor disorders like Parkinson’s or tardive dyskinesia

Question 166

In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and
medication—what did the researchers determine about the relapse rate for participants who
received the combination of interpersonal therapy and medication?
a. It was lower than that for either medication alone or interpersonal therapy alone.
b. It was higher than that for either medication alone or interpersonal therapy alone.
c. It was lower than that for medication alone but higher than that for interpersonal
therapy alone.
d. It was higher than that for medication alone but lower than that for interpersonal
therapy alone.

Answer 166

a. It was lower than that for either medication alone or interpersonal therapy alone.

Question 167

In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and
medication—for which group of patients was the combined therapy most valuable?
a. patients over 70 years of age
b. female patients
c. male patients
d. patients under 60 years of age

Answer 167

a. patients over 70 years of age

Question 168

In the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of combining insight therapy and
medication—what did the researchers believe was best managed by the combined treatment?
a. the psychosocial substrate, but not the biological substrate of old-age depression
b. the biological substrate, but not the psychosocial substrate of old-age depression
c. both the biological and psychosocial substrates of old-age depression
d. the genetic substrate, but not the biological substrate of old-age depression

Answer 168

c. both the biological and psychosocial substrates of old-age depression

Question 169

Ethel is 75 years old, and for the past six months she has been coping with major depression.
Based on the results reported in the Featured Study—which investigated the impact of
combining insight therapy and medication—under which of the following therapeutic
combinations of treatment will Ethel show the best response??
a. interpersonal psychotherapy and a tricyclic antidepressant
b. a tricyclic antidepressant and electroconvulsive shock therapy
c. interpersonal psychotherapy and electroconvulsive shock therapy
d. group therapy and antipsychotic medication

Answer 169

a. interpersonal psychotherapy and a tricyclic antidepressant

Question 170

Monica is being treated for depression. She goes to regular sessions with a therapist who uses
rational emotive therapy, and she is also taking an antidepressant medication. What does this
example illustrate?
a. eclectic therapy
b. off-label prescription
c. a sham therapy procedure
d. a placebo-control condition

Answer 170

a. eclectic therapy

Question 171

Which of the following is NOT among recent trends in the field of psychotherapy?
a. an increased emphasis on public education about mental disorders
b. an increased number of crisis intervention services and facilities
c. deinstitutionalization
d. a decrease in eclecticism

Answer 171

d. a decrease in eclecticism

Question 172

Which of the following represents the rationale for the use of eclectic therapy?
a. recognizing the influence of the client’s social environment
b. acknowledging the limitations of the medical model
c. choosing techniques based on what is appropriate for each client
d. mastering a single, effective technique

Answer 172

c. choosing techniques based on what is appropriate for each client

Question 173

Dr. Agawa often treats individuals who have symptoms of major depression. During the initial
treatment, Dr. Agawa often prescribes antidepressants, but during the course of therapy he
also encourages patients to recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
He believes that drug treatment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression, but
only by understanding the causes of their depression will individuals be able to prevent
relapses. Which of the following approaches is consistent with Dr. Agawa’s approach to
therapy?
a. humanistic
b. behavioural
c. deinstitutional
d. eclectic

Answer 173

d. eclectic

Question 174

Kelly’s therapist uses procedures including free-association, mindfulness, and systematic
desensitization. What approach does Kelly’s therapist use?
a. psychodynamic approach to therapy
b. biomedical approach to therapy
c. humanistic approach to therapy
d. eclectic approach to therapy

Answer 174

d. eclectic approach to therapy

Question 175

Which of the following is NOT among the reasons that North American minority groups
typically underutilize therapeutic services?
a. a reluctance to turn to formal, professional sources of assistance
b. language and communication barriers
c. the inability of many therapists to provide culturally responsive forms of treatment
d. lower incidence rates for most mental disorders among immigrant groups

Answer 175

d. lower incidence rates for most mental disorders among immigrant groups

Question 176

Natalia is a recent immigrant to Canada who is experiencing symptoms consistent with
depression. Various members of her family, who are still living in Natalia’s country of birth,
have experienced such symptoms, and in each case they were treated by the local clergy who
explained that their feelings were the result of straying from their religion, forgave them for
their sins, and counselled them about the need to maintain strong family ties so that they may
not lose sight of their reasons for living. What will Natalia likely do in response to having her
symptoms?
a. She will likely seek help from her local church, rather than from her physician.
b. She will likely return to her home country for treatment, because it is more
sensitive to her cultural needs.
c. She will likely seek out a psychologist who is from the same cultural background
as herself.
d. She will be forced to ask her family doctor for antidepressant medication.

Answer 176

a. She will likely seek help from her local church, rather than from her physician.

Question 177

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for improving mental health services for North
American minority groups?
a. recruitment and training of more ethnic minority therapists
b. some modifications in traditional approaches to therapy
c. provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients
d. giving therapists special training in cultural sensitivity

Answer 177

c. provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients

Question 178

Which of the following tends to be true of treatment approaches for mental disorders
experienced by First Nations peoples of Canada?
a. They can be effective when they are culturally sensitive.
b. They are primarily focused on biomedical treatments rather than behavioural
treatments.
c. They tend to be most effective if they are made available in urban areas.
d. They tend to focus on atypical rather than typical symptoms of disorders

Answer 178

a. They can be effective when they are culturally sensitive.

Question 179

Which of the following was established by Dorothea Dix, a mental-health reform activist?
a. the first mental hospital in Nova Scotia
b. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association
c. ethical guidelines against the use of prefrontal lobotomy
d. the Canadian Psychological Association

Answer 179

a. the first mental hospital in Nova Scotia

Question 180

Which of the following was NOT a problem with mental hospitals during the 1950s?
a. The hospitals were underfunded.
b. The hospitals were overcrowded.
c. The patients were overmedicated.
d. The staff was undertrained.

Answer 180

c. The patients were overmedicated.

Question 181

What was emphasized by the community mental health movement?
a. centralized care, increasing the efficiency of mental institutions, and enhanced use
of culturally sensitive treatments within the institutions
b. centralized care, reduced reliance on hospitalization, and increased use of
outpatient surgical procedures
c. local care, increased use of hospital facilities, and swift implementation of
biomedical therapies
d. local care, reduced reliance on hospitalization, and prevention of mental illness

Answer 181

d. local care, reduced reliance on hospitalization, and prevention of mental illness

Question 182

What is the purpose of having decentralized, outpatient facilities for treatment of individuals
with mental disorders?
a. Patients can remain home, or close to home, with access to both treatment and
social support networks.
b. Patients can escape the stressful conditions in their current living environments.
c. Patients have better access to the benefits of treatment within large urban centres,
away from their homes.
d. Patients can have treatment in their own homes.

Answer 182

a. Patients can remain home, or close to home, with access to both treatment and
social support networks.

Question 183

What does the trend of deinstitutionalization mean?
a. Whenever possible, people with mental illness should be treated at communitybased facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
b. Hospitalization for mental illness has become a thing of the past.
c. The environment inside mental hospitals is designed to be less structured and rigid.
d. Mental hospitals should take increased responsibility for the treatment of all
clients, even those who are not seriously ill.

Answer 183

a. Whenever possible, people with mental illness should be treated at communitybased facilities that emphasize outpatient care.

Question 184

What is the term for the transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions
to community-based facilities?
a. deinstitutionalization
b. mainstreaming
c. decentralization
d. exit-transfer therapy

Answer 184

a. deinstitutionalization

Question 185

Which of the following has NOT been an outcome of deinstitutionalization?
a. more outpatient care of psychological disorders
b. an increase in the average length of stay in mental hospitals
c. a decrease in the average inpatient population in mental hospitals
d. an increase in the number of patients who are mentally ill in local general hospitals

Answer 185

b. an increase in the average length of stay in mental hospitals

Question 186

Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Deinstitutionalization hasn’t had much of an impact on mental health care at all.
b. Deinstitutionalization has been a failure, resulting in poorer treatment for both
inpatients and outpatients.
c. Although many people have benefited from deinstitutionalization by avoiding
unnecessary hospital stays, there have been some unanticipated problems.
d. Deinstitutionalization has been an outstanding success, resulting in better care for
all clients.

Answer 186

c. Although many people have benefited from deinstitutionalization by avoiding
unnecessary hospital stays, there have been some unanticipated problems.

Question 187

What percentage of psychiatric inpatient admissions are readmission of former patients?
a. approximately 15 percent
b. approximately 65 percent
c. approximately 1 percent
d. approximately 50 percent

Answer 187

b. approximately 65 percent

Question 188

What proportion of the homeless population is estimated to suffer from severe mental illness?
a. one-half
b. one-third
c. one-quarter
d. two-thirds

Answer 188

b. one-third

Question 189

What proportion of the homeless population struggles with alcohol and drug problems?
a. one-third
b. one-quarter
c. two-thirds
d. one-half

Answer 189

a. one-third

Question 190

What do most experts advocate in order to deal with the problems deinstitutionalization has
created?
a. increasing the number of traditional mental hospitals
b. reducing the problem of homelessness
c. returning to the era of mental hospitals as custodial homes
d. increasing the quality and availability of intermediate care facilities

Answer 190

d. increasing the quality and availability of intermediate care facilities

Question 191

Many specific therapies have turned out to be irrelevant or counterproductive when used with
various cultural groups. Which of the following is illustrated by this finding?
a. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
b. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
c. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.

Answer 191

b. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage

Question 192

Some disorders are expressed differently, with distinct differences in symptoms, across
different cultures. What does this finding illustrate?
a. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
b. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d. Psychology is theoretically diverse

Answer 192

a. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 193

Prefrontal lobotomy was a popular treatment for schizophrenia among some clinicians, but
other clinicians preferred alternative methods including psychoanalytic therapy or treatment
with antipsychotic medications. We have learned a great deal about schizophrenia from the
processes and results of each of these forms of treatment. Which theme does this highlight?
a. the danger of theoretical diversity
b. the value of theoretical diversity
c. the importance of sociohistorical context
d. the subjectivity of experience among individuals

Answer 193

b. the value of theoretical diversity

Question 194

Which of the following is true for the different approaches to psychotherapy?
a. They overlap so much that there is little basis for differentiating one from another.
b. They can be used interchangeably for the majority of psychological disorders.
c. They are all equally appropriate for all kinds of psychological problems.
d. They have developed due to tension between competing theories

Answer 194

d. They have developed due to tension between competing theories

Question 195

Which of the following is NOT a primary source of therapeutic services?
a. employers
b. private practitioners
c. human service agencies
d. community mental health centres

Answer 195

a. employers

Question 196

In terms of the relationship between therapists’ professional background and therapeutic
efficacy, what have researchers found?
a. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a therapist
trained in multiple approaches.
b. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a certified
psychiatrist.
c. Most individuals show the best progress when they are treated by a clinical
psychologist.
d. There is no reliable connection between therapists’ professional background and
therapeutic efficacy.

Answer 196

d. There is no reliable connection between therapists’ professional background and
therapeutic efficacy.

Question 197

In looking for therapeutic services, which of the following should you keep in mind?
a. The therapist’s professional background should be your number-one concern.
b. Most therapists are in private practice.
c. Community mental health centres and human service agencies are good sources of
information.
d. The therapeutic services available are essentially the same in most North American
communities.

Answer 197

c. Community mental health centres and human service agencies are good sources of
information.

Question 198

Which of the following is true regarding the importance of a therapist’s sex?
a. The sex of the therapist does not matter, unless the client is more comfortable with
one sex than the other.
b. Female therapists tend to be more effective, perhaps because they are more
nurturing toward their clients.
c. Clients should choose a therapist who is of the same sex as themselves.
d. Male therapists are more effective for very difficult-to-treat clients.

Answer 198

a. The sex of the therapist does not matter, unless the client is more comfortable with
one sex than the other

Question 199

Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment
approaches are more effective than others. According to Martin Seligman, which type of
therapy is best for panic disorders?
a. systematic desensitization
b. cognitive therapy
c. behaviour therapy or medication
d. group therapy

Answer 199

b. cognitive therapy

Question 200

Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment
approaches are more effective than others. According to Martin Seligman, which approach is
most effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
a. behaviour therapy or medication
b. group therapy or minimally supportive therapy
c. cognitive therapy or insight therapy
d. systematic desensitization or aversive therapy

Answer 200

a. behaviour therapy or medication

Question 201

What should you look for in a prospective therapist?
a. low fees and accessible office hours
b. a therapist who works in an established clinic or hospital
c. personal warmth, empathy, and self-confidence
d. a Ph.D. or M.D. degree and a private practice

Answer 201

c. personal warmth, empathy, and self-confidence

Question 202

If you feel that your therapy isn’t progressing, what should you do?
a. question your therapist’s competence
b. consider the possibility of your own resistance to therapy
c. assume you are not a good candidate for therapy, and drop the idea
d. get a new therapist immediately

Answer 202

b. consider the possibility of your own resistance to therapy

Question 203

Which of the following is hiding information from your therapist evidence of??
a. transference
b. displacement
c. counterconditioning
d. resistance to therapy

Answer 203

d. resistance to therapy

Question 204

Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. The therapist’s role is to run clients’ lives for them.
b. Therapy typically produces immediate, major improvements in clients’
psychological functioning.
c. The best outcomes in therapy are seen when the therapist and the client are the
same sex and are similar in age.
d. Therapists are only facilitators, not producers, of change.

Answer 204

d. Therapists are only facilitators, not producers, of change.

Question 205

Which of the following is an example of regression toward the mean?
a. People who originally score near the average on some trait are measured a second
time, and their new score falls at the extreme high or low end of the scale.
b. People who originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a
second time, and their new score falls closer to the average.
c. People recover from a mental or physical illness without any form of intervention.
d. People’s expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they
receive a fake or ineffective treatment

Answer 205

b. People who originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a
second time, and their new score falls closer to the average.

Question 206

Felicity scored 98 percent on her first statistics exam, while Baxter scored only 35 percent.
Felicity studied really hard in an attempt to score 100 percent on the next exam. Baxter
decided he wasn’t going to be successful in the course, so he didn’t study at all. On the second
exam Felicity scored 89 percent, while Baxter scored 42 percent. Which of the following does
this reflect?
a. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect the impact of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. Felicity is experiencing a “sophomore slump,” while Baxter is experiencing a
“junior jump.”
c. Both Felicity and Baxter experienced a placebo effect.
d. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect regression toward the mean.

Answer 206

d. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect regression toward the mean.

Question 207

Professor Newton gave a midterm exam where the scores ranged from 28 percent to 89
percent; the average score for the exam was 69 percent. Based on the phenomenon known as
regression toward the mean, what should you expect on the final exam?
a. Almost all students will score higher on the final than they did on the midterm.
b. Almost all students will score lower on the final than they did on the midterm.
c. The students who scored near the mean on the midterm will score lower on the
final.
d. The students who scored highest on the midterm will not do as well on the final

Answer 207

d. The students who scored highest on the midterm will not do as well on the final

Question 208

What techniques do researchers use to help control for regression toward the mean and
placebo effects?
a. control groups, random assignment, and statistical adjustment
b. double-blind testing, correlational research, and random sampling
c. longitudinal testing, random assignment, and naturalistic observation
d. cross-sectional studies, statistical adjustment, and case-study research

Answer 208

a. control groups, random assignment, and statistical adjustment

Question 209

Complete the following analogy: Freud is to unconscious conflicts as Rogers is to ______
a. catharsis
b. incongruence
c. clarification
d. maladaptive habits

Answer 209

b. incongruence

Question 210

Complete the following analogy: Cognitive therapy is to negative thinking as drug therapy is
to ______
a. abnormal neurotransmitter activity
b. maladaptive learning
c. incongruence
d. ECT

Answer 210

a. abnormal neurotransmitter activity

Question 211

Which of the following is NOT a closely related pair of terms?
a. client-centred therapy and clarification
b. biomedical therapy and aversion therapy
c. psychoanalysis and free association
d. behaviour therapy and systematic desensitization

Answer 211

b. biomedical therapy and aversion therapy

Question 212

Which of the following therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than alter
personality?
a. psychoanalysis and client-centred therapy
b. client-centred therapies and behaviour therapies
c. behaviour and drug therapies
d. psychoanalysis and drug therapies

Answer 212

c. behaviour and drug therapies

Question 213

Which of the following shows the most appropriate matching of therapy to psychological
problem?
a. Xanax for depression
b. systematic desensitization for bipolar mood disorder
c. cognitive therapy for panic disorder
d. lithium treatment for phobic disorder

Answer 213

c. cognitive therapy for panic disorder

Question 214

Which of the following is NOT a closely related set of concepts?
a. aversion therapy, ECT, tardive dyskinesia
b. genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard
c. free association, dream analysis, transference
d. antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant

Answer 214

a. aversion therapy, ECT, tardive dyskinesia

Question 215

Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic and humanistic brands of insight therapy

Answer 215

The main similarity is that both seek to enlighten the individual about internal structures and
mechanisms that may be contributing to one’s distress. Differences centre on assumptions
about the causes of the distress. Psychoanalysis focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts,
motives, and defences that are not merely adaptive, but which cause distress or dysfunction.
Client-centred therapy, a representative humanistic therapy, centres on the notion that distress
results from incongruence between one’s self-concept and reality, which causes one to behave
in maladaptive ways. The aim is for the individual to “get in touch” with one’s own individual
nature and to value it appropriately. Another difference is in techniques. Psychoanalysis
employs free association, dream analysis, and other techniques aimed at allowing and
encouraging the emergence of material from the unconscious, which is then interpreted by the
analyst. The general approach in client-centred therapy is for the therapist to establish a
climate that feels safe enough so that the client is free to examine his or her true nature
without feeling it necessary to employ defensive manoeuvres

Question 216

Persons suffering from different psychological disorders differ from each other in the extent to
which they admit they need help and the extent to which they are resistant to therapy. For
which disorders are patients most likely and least likely to cooperate with therapeutic
interventions?

Answer 216

Answers should reveal and elaborate upon an understanding of characteristics of the various
types of disorders that would influence compliance. For example, patients having disorders in
which subjective distress is the main problem should be least resistant, since their pain will
motivate them to seek relief. Anxiety disorders are good examples. Patients with problematic
thinking processes might be resistant, depending on the nature of their thought patterns. So
certain psychotic delusions would lead to resistance, and a depressed patient whose negative
attributional style was well entrenched might be resistant. Certain personality-disordered
individuals would certainly be resistant

Question 217

A major difference between insight therapies and behaviour therapies is in their position about
whether it’s necessary or useful to seek out the origin of psychological difficulties. A
compromise position might be that this kind of information is important for patients with
some disorders, but not for patients with other disorders. Explain why this kind of information
might be more helpful for some kinds of patients than for others.

Answer 217

Answers to this question also should reveal students’ understanding of the characteristics of
the various types of disorders. Insight therapists have argued that if symptoms are removed, as
through behaviour modification, but underlying causes are not treated, then the disorder is
likely to manifest again in the same or a different guise. Behaviour therapists have argued that
there are no “underlying” causes, but that maladaptive behaviour has simply been learned and
ought to be unlearned.
For some patients, it’s difficult to pinpoint a particular behaviour that needs to be unlearned or
modified because the maladaptive pattern has become so pervasive. This may be true in some
cases of anxiety, mood, and personality disorders. For these patients, it may be more
beneficial to seek out the “roots” of the pervasive maladaptive style and, perhaps, to destroy
the many offshoots stemming from these roots. When particularly troublesome behaviours can
be identified, however, and when those behaviours are such that a behaviour modification
program can be designed, then this may be the best approach. If successful in changing the
problem behaviour, the patient and therapist might then want to remain on the lookout for
future signs that an underlying problem is manifesting via new symptoms. If so, then insight
therapy may be called for

Question 218

Some people believed that all psychological disorders can be traced to some sort of biological
malfunction, especially malfunctions in the nervous system. In other words, in a perfectly
formed and perfectly functioning biological organism, there could be no psychological
disorder. If this were true, then the “ultimate cure” for any psychological disorder would be a
biomedical cure. Explain why this position does or does not make sense to you

Answer 218

If your set of philosophical assumptions includes the belief that all psychological phenomena
are products of biological activity, then this position will make sense to you. It says, in
essence, that the nervous system is the “organ” of thought, emotion, and personality. So
disturbances in these domains should be traceable to malfunctions in the nervous system.
Psychological disorders may follow from biological problems that are inborn, or
environmental events may lead to biological damage, which then leads to psychological
disorder. Most modern psychologists are in this camp. This explains, at least in part, why the
search for biomedical (especially drug) cures is progressing at a rapid pace and, apparently,
quite successfully.
Other psychologists, and students, aren’t comfortable with this position. One argument
is that psychological disorders may indeed be caused by biological malfunction but, just as
environmental events or subjects’ behaviours may lead to biological damage, in some cases
environmental events or behaviour changes (including changes in cognitive patterns) may
actually lead to repairs of the biological malfunction. Those who don’t agree that the mind is a
dependent product of the body may believe that some psychological disorders can exist in a
perfectly healthy (biological) organism. In these cases, therapies that focus on changing
behaviour or thought may be considered the most appropriate

Question 219

In light of the differences between the various psychological disorders and their hypothesized
etiologies, it would seem that for each disorder, a particular type of therapy might work best.
Discuss this notion, and give examples using specific disorders and specific approaches to
therapy to support your arguments.

Answer 219

This proposition makes sense, and there is some evidence to support it. A related point is that
the particular symptoms of particular disorders probably mean particular therapies are better
suited to treat them. Here are some points that might be included in good answers.
To the extent that biological factors have been shown to be involved in the etiology of
a disorder, it would seem that biomedical treatments ought to be most effective. And, in fact,
biomedical treatments have been more effective than insight and behaviour therapies in
treating especially the more severe disorders, such as schizophrenia, and some mood
disorders, for which there is significant evidence for biological causes.
Insight therapies work best for clients who are highly motivated and who have positive
attitudes about therapy. This would seem to eliminate depressed individuals as good
candidates for insight therapies. Sufferers from the anxiety disorders seem to best fit the
description of ideal candidates for insight therapy.Behaviour therapies have been successful with a wide variety of disorders. This is
probably because most disorders manifest in maladaptive behaviours, and if these behaviours
can be targeted specifically enough to design a behaviour modification program, then the
prognosis may be good. Behaviour therapy would likely be least successful when the
undesirable behaviour is pervasive, vague, and hard to pinpoint. This may be the case with
some of the anxiety disorders and some of the mood disorders