Unit 9 Flashcards
What was collectivized agriculture in the Soviet Union?
A policy under Stalin in the late 1920s–1930s that aimed to eliminate private land ownership and promote large-scale, mechanized farming.
What were the goals of collectivization in the Soviet Union?
To eliminate private land ownership and increase agricultural output through mechanization and large-scale farming.
Q: Who resisted collectivization, and what was the result?
Peasants, especially kulaks, resisted collectivization, leading to severe repression and famine.
Q: What major famine was associated with collectivization?
The Holodomor in Ukraine.
Q: By 1936, what percentage of Soviet farmland had been collectivized?
About 90%.
Q: How did collectivization affect traditional farming?
It transformed the rural landscape and disrupted traditional farming practices.
Q: Did collectivization succeed in improving agricultural productivity?
No, it often led to decreased productivity and food shortages due to poor planning and management.
How did climatic shifts in the Americas affect societies during this period?
They impacted agricultural yields and caused changes in settlement patterns.
Q: How did Indigenous groups adapt to changing weather conditions?
They adjusted agricultural practices, including innovations like terrace farming in mountainous areas
What was one major consequence of climate change on population movements?
It led to migrations as communities searched for better farming and living conditions.
How did droughts and fluctuating rainfall affect societies in the Americas?
They may have caused social unrest and conflicts over limited resources.
Q: What do adaptation strategies reveal about Indigenous societies?
Their resilience and ability to manage environmental challenges, which influenced their long-term survival.
Where did the Green Revolution begin and who was a key figure in it?
It began in Mexico with agronomist Norman Borlaug, known as the “father of the Green Revolution.”
What impact did the Green Revolution have on countries like India and Pakistan in the 1960s?
dramatically increased crop yields, reduced hunger, and improved nutrition.
Q: What environmental concerns arose from the Green Revolution?
The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides raised concerns about sustainability and environmental harm.
Q: How did the Green Revolution contribute to social inequality?
Wealthier farmers could afford new technologies, while poorer farmers were often left behind.
Q: What is a major positive outcome of the Green Revolution?
It is credited with preventing famines in several developing nations.
Q: What ongoing debate surrounds the Green Revolution today?
Questions remain about its long-term effectiveness and sustainability.
What has largely shaped Global Consumer Culture?
The expansion of multinational corporations promoting their brands worldwide.
Q: How does technology contribute to Global Consumer Culture?
It spreads consumer culture by providing instant access to global brands and trends through the internet and social media.
Q: What cultural impact does Global Consumer Culture often have?
It can lead to the decline of local traditions as global brands become dominant in daily life.
Q: How does fast fashion represent Global Consumer Culture?
It encourages quick, cheap purchases of trendy clothing, often causing negative environmental effects.
Q: What is one major criticism of Global Consumer Culture?
It can cause inequality and exploitation, where wealthy consumers benefit while producers in developing countries face poor conditions.
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of consumerism?
It increased production, leading to the need for marketing and advertising to boost demand.
What innovations supported the growth of consumer culture in the 19th and early 20th centuries?
Department stores, catalog shopping, and credit systems that allowed “buy now, pay later.”
How was consumerism linked to the American Dream in the 20th century?
It became a symbol of personal success, with material possessions seen as a key indicator.
What are some positive effects of consumerism?
Economic growth and job creation.
What are some negative effects of consumerism?
Environmental damage and the promotion of unsustainable lifestyles.
How has globalization impacted consumerism?
It has spread consumer culture to developing nations, influencing their consumption habits and aspirations.
When was the United Nations established and why?
On October 24, 1945, to prevent future conflicts and promote international cooperation after World War II.
How many member states does the UN have, and what are some of its specialized agencies?
It has 193 member states and agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO.
Q: What role does the UN play in global peacekeeping?.
It deploys peacekeeping missions to maintain peace in conflict zones around the world.
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and when was it adopted?
A UN document adopted in 1948 that outlines fundamental human rights to be protected globally.
