Unit 8 Review Flashcards
What event led the Soviet Union to begin heavily supporting Cuba?
The failed Bay of Pigs invasion by the U.S.
What kind of support did the Soviets provide to Cuba after the Bay of Pigs?
Arms, military advisors, and eventually nuclear missiles.
Why did Khrushchev feel justified in placing missiles in Cuba?
Because the U.S. had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey near the Soviet border in 1961.
What action did the U.S. take when it learned more missiles were on their way to Cuba?
President Kennedy ordered a naval “quarantine” of Cuba to stop the missile shipments.
Why was it called a “quarantine” instead of a blockade?
Because a blockade is technically an act of war.
How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?
Khrushchev withdrew the missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed to quietly remove its missiles from Turkey.
What communication measure was created after the crisis to prevent future misunderstandings?
The Hot Line, a direct link between U.S. and Soviet leaders’ offices, established in 1963.
What ideology influenced Ho Chi Minh, and where did he travel to become involved in political movements?
He was influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology and traveled to Europe and the United States, where he joined socialist movements.
What major action did Ho Chi Minh take in 1945 after World War II?
He declared Vietnam’s independence from France, leading to the First Indochina War.
Q: What position did Ho Chi Minh hold from 1945 until his death in 1969?
He served as the first President of North Vietnam.
How did Ho Chi Minh’s role in the Vietnam War affect his legacy?
His leadership made him a symbol of anti-colonial resistance and inspired other revolutionary movements around the world.
Since when had Southern Asia been under British rule, and when did that change?
Since 1858, until India gained independence in 1947.
Q: Who led the independence movement against British rule in India?
Gandhi, starting in the 1920s.
What happened to India in 1947 following its independence?
It was partitioned into two countries: Pakistan (mostly Muslim) and India (mostly Hindu).
Q: What challenges did India and Pakistan face after partition?
Both struggled to establish new relationships and build their economies.
Q: What economic reforms did India attempt after independence?
Land redistribution, abolition of powerful rent collectors, protection for renters, and promotion of cooperative farming.
Q: What were the key land reform milestones in Kerala?
1960: Land reforms passed but overturned by courts
1963: Tenants won right to purchase land
1969: Tenants became full landowners
1974: Laws set fixed work hours and minimum wages
How did the Indian central government respond to Kerala’s land reforms?
It took direct rule of Kerala to slow down or reverse the reforms.
When did Gandhi become the leader of the Indian National Congress?
In 1920
Q: What group did Gandhi appeal to most in India?
The poor
Q: Why was Gandhi assassinated shortly after India gained independence?
For attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting
What was the system of racial segregation in South Africa called?
Apartheid
Q: Which group enforced apartheid in South Africa?
The white-minority government
Q: Who led the black resistance to apartheid in South Africa?
Nelson Mandela
What major global event ended before the Chinese Civil War resumed?
The defeat of the Japanese in 1945 (end of World War II)
Q: Who led the Communists during the Chinese Civil War?
Mao Zedong
Q: Why did the Communists gain popular support during the Chinese Civil War?
They redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians.
Q: How did peasants view the Communists compared to the Nationalists?
As more nationalist and less corrupt
Q: What was established in 1949 after the Communist victory in China?
The People’s Republic of China
Q: What did Mao Zedong do to Chinese industries after coming to power?
Ordered the nationalization of Chinese industries
Q: What economic strategy did Mao adopt from the Soviet Union?
Five-year plans emphasizing heavy industry over consumer goods
Who rose to power in Iran in 1925 and introduced Westernization?
Shah Pahlavi
Q: What social change in the 1960s angered Islamic fundamentalists in Iran?
The drastic increase in women’s rights
Q: What event involving U.S. President Jimmy Carter acted as a breaking point for Islamic fundamentalists in Iran?
His visit to Iran to congratulate the nation on its modernization
Q: What major event happened in 1979 in Iran?
The Iranian Revolution, which ousted the shah
Q: Who became the leader of Iran after the 1979 revolution, turning it into a theocracy?
Ayatollah Khomeini
What treaty was signed in 1963 to reduce nuclear testing?
The Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
Q: Which countries did not sign the 1963 Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty?
France and China
Q: What types of nuclear testing were banned by the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty?
Above ground, underwater, and in space (underground testing remained legal)
Q: What was the goal of the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty?
To reduce radiation exposure from weapons testing
Q: What treaty in 1968 aimed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons?
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Q: What did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty require of nuclear powers?
To prevent the spread of military nuclear technology and materials to non-nuclear countries
What was the final meeting among the Big Three leaders during WWII?
The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Q: Who represented the U.S. at the Potsdam Conference after Roosevelt’s death?
President Harry Truman
Q: Who replaced Winston Churchill as British Prime Minister during the Potsdam Conference?
Clement Atlee
Q: What did Truman demand at the Potsdam Conference?
Free elections in Eastern Europe
Q: Why did Stalin reject Truman’s demand for free elections in Eastern Europe?
Because Soviet troops already occupied the region
Which countries fell under communist control after WWII with Soviet backing?
East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania
Q: What did the failure of the Potsdam and earlier conferences lead to?
The beginning of the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Q: What was the Truman Doctrine?
A 1947 policy pledging U.S. support to stop the spread of communism, especially in Greece and Turkey
Q: Why did the Soviet Union want military bases in Turkey?
To control the Dardanelles strait between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean
Q: How did Truman respond to the communist threat in Greece and Turkey?
pledging U.S. economic and military aid to resist communist control
What happened in Eastern Europe after World War II?
The Soviet Union dominated the countries it had occupied, imposing communist governments and systems similar to the USSR.
Q: How did Western European countries feel about Soviet influence after WWII?
They feared the dominant communist presence nearby.
Q: Why was NATO created in 1949?
To coordinate defense among Western nations against potential Soviet conflict.
Q: What does NATO stand for?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Q: Name three original members of NATO.
United States, France, Great Britain (others include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal)
Q: What was the Soviet Union’s response to NATO?
The creation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955
Q: Name three original members of the Warsaw Pact.
Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland (others include Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania)
Q: What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?
To unify communist military forces under Soviet leadership in Moscow
Q: What were the nations in the Warsaw Pact commonly called?
The communist bloc
What economic strategy did Mao use in China?
He created five-year plans based on the Soviet model.
Q: What did Mao’s five-year plans emphasize?
Heavy industry instead of consumer goods.
Camp David Accords
A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
