Unit 9 Flashcards
Sperm travel at random inside a woman’s reproductive tract. T / F?
False - sperm are attracted to chemicals secreted by ova, which guides their travel.
Prolonged athletic activity may decrease fertility in the male. T / F?
True.
A “test-tube baby” is grown in a laboratory dish throughout the nine-month gestation period. T / F?
False, conception happens in dish, then fertilized ovum is placed into the uterus.
Morning sickness is a sign that a pregnancy is progressing normally. T / F?
true
For the first week after conception, a fertilized egg cell is not attached to its mother’s body. T / F?
True
Pregnant women can have one or two alcoholic beverages a day without harming their babies. T / F?
false
The way that the umbilical cord is cut determines whether the baby will have an “inny” or an “outy.” T / F?
false
In Canada, nearly 3 births in 10 are by Caesarean section. T / F?
true
Couples should abstain from sexual activity for at least six weeks after childbirth. T / F?
True
What chromosomes do ova carry?
X
What chromosomes do sperm carry?
X or Y - males determine gender
zona pellucida
Gelatinous layer surrounding an ovum
hyaluronidase
An enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida enabling one sperm to penetrate it.
Motility
Self-propulsion
Measure of viability for sperm cells
Autoimmune response (male fertility problems)
Production of antibodies that attack naturally occurring substances that are incorrectly recognized as foreign or harmful.
Most common fertility problem in men?
Low sperm count
Artificial insemination
Introduction of sperm into reproductive tract through means other than sex
Most common fertility problem in women?
Failure to ovulate/irregular ovulation
Endometriosis
A condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere outside the uterus, characterized by menstrual pain.
Laparoscopy
Medical procedure in which a long narrow tube is inserted through the navel, permitting visual inspection of the organs in the pelvic cavity
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Method of conception in which mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a laboratory dish with sperm.
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
A method of conception in which sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception.
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
A method of conception in which an ovum is fertilized in a laboratory dish, then placed in a fallopian tube.
Donor IVF
A variation of in vitro fertilization in which an ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman.
Embryonic transfer
A method of conception in which a female volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother, then the embryo is removed from the volunteer and inserted into the uterus of the intended mother.
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
A method of conception in which a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum.
surrogate mother
A woman who is impregnated with the sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination, carries the embryo and fetus to term, and then gives the child to the prospective parents.
Human Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A hormone produced by a woman shortly after conception. hCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone. The presence of hCG in a woman’s urine indicates that she’s pregnant.
Miscarriage
spontaneous abortion
Normal gestation period
280 days
Naegeles rule
Method of calculating delivery date
- Write down the date of the first day of the last menstrual period.
- Add seven days.
- Subtract three months.
- Add one year.
Germinal stage
The period of prenatal development before implantation in the uterus.
Also called period of the ovum.
Blastocyst
An embryo that consists of a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid. This occurs at the germinal stage of embryonic development.
Embryonic Stage
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week. It’s characterized by differentiation of the major organ systems.
Amniotic sac
contains fetus
Amniotic fluid
fluid inside amniotic sac, protects and suspends fetus
Placenta
An organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between the mother and the fetus, allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes.
umbilical cord
A tube that connects the fetus to the placenta.
Fetal stage
9th week of gestation to birth
Teratogens
Environmental influences or agents that can damage an embryo or fetus.
critical period of vulnerability
A period when an embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen.
Rubella
A viral infection that can cause deafness, intellectual disabilities, and heart disease in an embryo. It’s also called German measles.
Syphilis
STD caused by bacterial infection
Still birth
Birth of dead fetus
pregnancy-induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia)
Life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure.
Rh incompatibility
A condition in which antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus, where they may cause brain damage or death.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A cluster of symptoms in the infant caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. These symptoms are typified by developmental lags, characteristic facial features, and a smaller-than-average body and brain.
Efface
Cause to become thin
Dilate
open or widen
transition
The process during which the cervix becomes almost fully dilated and the infant’s head begins to move into the birth canal.
Lamaze method
A childbirth method during which a woman learns how to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain, with the help of a coach (usually the father) who’s present during the birth. The Lamaze method is also called prepared childbirth.
C-section
A method of childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen.
Transverse position
crosswise birth position
preterm
born before 37 weeks gestation
Prolactin
Pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production. 2-3 days after birth
Lochia
A reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after childbirth.
Canadian women have an average of babies each.
.6
1
1.6
2
1.6
may carry either X or Y chromosomes.
Sperm
Ova
Gametes
Blastocysts
sperm
The most common cause of fertility problems in males is :.
sexually transmitted infections
injury to the testes
low sperm counts
high scrotal temperature
low sperm counts
All of the following can lead to infertility in women except .
failure to ovulate
sexually transmitted infections
declining levels of estrogen
laparoscopy
laparoscopy
As of 2014, the only provinces or territories to fully cover the cost of in vitro fertilization were .
Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia
Quebec and Ontario
New Brunswick and Manitoba
Ontario and Alberta
quebec and ontario
The first stage of prenatal development is the stage.
embryonic
placental
fetal
germinal
germinal
Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the .
ovaries
cervix
fallopian tubes
uterus
fallopian tubes
uterus
In 1990, the teen birth rate in Canada was 25.5 per 1000. In 2013, the rate was .
11.1
18.1
27.1
31.1
11.1
Approximately of women experience some sadness, irritability, or low mood following the birth of a baby.
25%
40%
50%
70%
70
A study of 570 women found that they resumed sexual intercourse with male partners an average of weeks after childbirth.
six
seven
eight
nine
seven
