unit 9 Flashcards
social psychology
the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to others
attribution theory
someone’s behavior is explained by either their disposition or situation
fundamental attribution error
one’s behavior is based on their disposition (internal) causes and not their situational (external) causes
attitude
one’s thoughts and feelings about something based on the past, can shape their future, and are evaluative in nature
peripheral route persuasion
people influenced by incidental cues or attractiveness
central route persuasion
interested people focus on arguments and facts, and respond with good thoughts
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
when someone first agrees to something small, they are more likely to agree with something bigger in the future
door-in-the-face
being rejected for a large favor, so asking for a smaller favor and getting agreement
role
norms and expectations for how one acts/behaves in social settings
cognitive dissonance theory
our actions are influenced by our want to reduce discomfort when our thoughts don’t align
norms
prescribe “proper” behavior
chameleon effect
going along with others without thinking about it
conformity
changing ourselves to fit in with a group standard
normative social influence
actions are influenced to get approval from others
informational social influence
actions are influenced by accepting and understanding others’ thoughts
social facilitation
doing better at something because people are watching you do it
social loafing
not using you full potential because you’re working with others
deindividuation
less self control when you lose self-awareness in a group setting based around arousal and anonumity
group polarization
through discussing in a group, the group’s performance increases
groupthink
how one thinks in a group when they need to come up with a decision and waves the alternatives
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people, passed on to later generations
prejudice
unjustifiable (normally bad) attitudes toward a group and its members - involves stereotypes, negative feelings, etc.
ethnocentrism
assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group
stereotype
generalized belief about a group of people (sometimes correct, but often overgeneralized)
discrimination
unjustifiable bad behavior toward a group and its members
just-world phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
“us” - people who share a common identity
ingroup bias
tendency to favor own group
outgroup
“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers and outlet by giving something to blame
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of one’s own race better than faces of other races
aggression
physical or verbal harm meant to harm someone physically or emotionally
frustration-aggression principle
principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger whcih can cause aggression
social scripts
culturally modeled guide for how to behave in different kinds of situations
mere exposure effect
the idea that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, normally seen at beginning of romantic relationships
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those who we care about
equity
condition where people receive what they give in a relationship
self-disclosure
act of showing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
tendency for any bystander to be less likely to help if others bystanders are around
social exchange theory
theory that our social behavior is and exchange process with an aim to maximize benefits and minimize cost
reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those needing their help
conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
situation that conflicting parties, that pursue self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views, typically held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself and ethical and right, while other side is evil and aggressive
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
superordinate goals
goals that are shaped between people that are very different and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction: strategy designed to decrease international tensions
