unit 8 Flashcards
epigenetics
study of environmental influence on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition; widely used system to classify psychological disorders
phobia
anxiety disorder - persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
obsession
repetitive thoughts
compulsion
repetitive behaviors/actions
mania
hyperactive, very optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
hallucinations
false sensory experiences - seeing/hearing things that aren’t there
delusions
false belief, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
flat affect
state with no apparent feeling
conversion disorder
related to somatic symptom disorder where someone experiences specific physical symptoms with seemingly no explanation
illness anxiety disorder
related to somatic symptom disorder where the person thinks normal physical sensations are symptoms of a disease
fugue state
sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often a response of an overwhelming stressful situation
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
psychotherapy
a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer
eclectic approach
approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
psychoanalysis
Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
free association
client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship)
resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
interpretation
analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
trasference
patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, seeks self-insight
insight therapies
aim to improve psychological function by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
client-centered therapy (person-centered)
active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude that was thought to help client develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
systematic desensitization
an exposure therapy that associated a pleasant related state with gradually increasing stimuli that is anxiety-inducing
virtual reality exposure therapy
counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations
aversive conditioning
counterconditioning type that associates an unpleasant state with unwanted behavior
token economy
operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange them for treats
cognitive therapy
based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
confrontational cognitive therapy, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system - views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preference
therapeutic alliance
bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
psychopharmacology
study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
antipsychotics
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidpressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
neurogenesis
birth of new brain cells
lithium
a slat that effectively levels the emotional highs and lows of this disorder
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy
psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling parts of the inner brain
resilience
personal strength that helps most people come with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis
