Unit 9 - 12 theories Flashcards
Type of counselling: focuses on the view that people are primarily motivated by social interests
Adlerian theory
in Adlerian theory, clients are challenged to consider their own private logic
confrontation
condition of being transparent in the therapeutic relationship by giving up roles and facades
congruence
attuned to the awareness of the outside world
conscious mind
a way of coping with anxiety on an unconscious level by denying or distorting reality
defense mechanisms
technique that utilized dreams as a way to understanding the unconscious
dream analysis
drawing on various theories, techniques, and practices to meet client needs
eclecticism
the ability to grasp a client’s communications, intentions, and meanings
empathy
Type of counselling: focuses on and emphasizes the freedom that people have to choose what to make of their circumstances
existential counselling
focuses on the belief that people work towards wholeness and completeness in life
Gestalt therapy
focuses on the potential of people to actively choose and to purposefully decide about self and environmental issues
humanistic
a pronounced feeling of being inferior to others
inferiority complex
focuses on the view that people are essentially good, positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy
person-centred counselling
a perspective in person-centred theory, in which the person’s perception of reality rather than the event itself is considered important
phenomenological perspective
an unconditional, deep, and genuine caring for a client as a person
positive regard
based on the view that human nature is dynamic with the transformation and exchange of energy within the personality
psychoanalysis
the process of being what one is and not a process of striving to become; centred in the present
self-actualization
a feeling of being connected to society; being part of it, taking an active interest in it, and having a willingness to contribute to it
social interest
an unproductive neurotic fiction created by a tendency to overcompensate for feelings of inferiority
superiority complex
a model that hypothesizes about the formation of possible solutions to a problem
theory
use of counter-conditioning principles to help a client overcome a phobia or an extreme fear reaction
systematic desensitization
presenting an aversive stimulus to a situation to suppress or eliminate a behaviour
punishment
focuses on tapping into people’s inner resources and noting exceptions to the times when they are distressed
solution-focused counselling
assumes that meaning or knowledge is constructed through social interaction; uses stories to help clients re-author their lives through new narratives
narrative counselling
behaviour learned gradually in steps through successive approximation
shaping
focuses on action over insight to alter and reorganize a family into a more functional and productive unit [
structural family counselling
focuses on helping people realize they can live more rational and productive lives, emphasizing both self-interest and social interest
rational emotive behavioural therapy
focuses on conceptualizing a group of related elements, such as family, that interact as a whole entity
systems theory
focuses on remediating problems seen as occurring within a developmental framework of a family life cycle; strives to resolve presenting problems
strategic (brief) counselling
events that, when they follow a behaviour, increase the probability of the behaviour being repeated
reinforcers
events are related through a series of interacting feedback loops
circular causality
focuses on helping people in crises to recognize and correct temporary affective, behavioural, and cognitive distortions brought on by traumatic events
crisis counselling
focuses on mental processes and their influences on mental health and behaviour
cognitive and cognitive-behavioural counselling
the display of behaviours in environments outside of where they were originally learned
generalization
focuses on differentiating or distinguishing one’s thoughts from one’s emotions, and oneself from others
Bowen systems theory
elimination of a behaviour by withdrawal of its reinforcement
extinction
focuses on examining and modifying unexamined and negative thought distortions
cognitive therapy
focuses on the assumption that all behaviour is learned
behavioural therapy
thoughts, beliefs, and internal images that people have about events in their lives
cognitions
clients learn new, appropriate ways of acting, or they modify or eliminate excessive actions
behavioural theory
members are more alike than unalike
homogeneous groups
focuses on the usual, yet often difficult, problems of living collectively through interpersonal support and problem solving
counselling group
two or more people interacting together to achieve a goal for their mutual benefit
group
the enactment of unrehearsed role-plays with the group leader serving as the director
psychodrama
do not admit new members after sessions have begun
closed-ended groups
a multidimensional process in which group members respond to the verbal messages and nonverbal behaviours of another person
feedback
members are more unalike than alike
heterogeneous groups
admit new members after sessions have begun
open-ended groups
a group that focuses on remediating in-depth psychological problems
psychotherapy group
what has been said within the group setting is not to be revealed outside the group
confidentiality
an extended, one-session group experience that breaks down the defensive barriers that individuals may present
group marathon
focuses on a potential threat, a developmental life event, or an immediate life crisis
psychoeducational group
a group process in which stereotypical, defensive, and stale thought processes become the norm, thereby squelching creativity and problem solving
groupthink
focuses on spontaneous development, centres on a single topic, and is led by a layperson with little formal group training but with experience in the stressful event that brought the group together
self-help group
focuses on a particular concern or problem, and is organized by an established professional helping organization
support group
a group that is likely to learn from the group experience how one’s behaviour in a group influences others’ behaviour and vice versa
T-group
how minds make sense of reality
constructivism
overcoming inertia, resisting procrastination, relieving job-related stress, building interpersonal support systems, and avoiding feelings of frustration and failure
employability skills
a link from one database to another
crosswalk
a person who acts as a personal trainer, consultant, and mentor, identifying specific goals, developing action plans, and following up on progress
life coach
a stage in career development in which self-concept adjusts to fit the stabilized career choice
maintenance stage
defining the problem, finding and using information, creating alternatives, and developing, implementing, and evaluating plans
career decision making
a stage in career development in which a person deals with reduced energy and tries to maintain his/her position until retirement
decline stage
how meanings are created through the interactions of individuals in various contexts, such as family
constructionism
using fantasy, play, and role experimentation to help clarify emerging self-concept
exploratory stage
activities that clarify the personal importance of life decisions, events, and transitions
reflective exploration
activities that increase self-awareness and accurately assess strengths, weaknesses, aptitudes, skills, and lifestyle issues
actual exploration
the narrowing of interests that children experience
circumscription
focuses on how we give meaning to our actions by creating stories
narrative theory
helping clients become aware of what they value most
facilitating self-awareness
discovering an occupation well-suited to satisfying personal needs
establishment stage
activities that allow direct client involvement in career exploration
concrete exploration
