Unit 9 & 10 Flashcards
Political and Economic factors which existed after Versailles
Experimental governments (Czech, Yugoslavia, USSR); European economy collapse; Changing markets and trade with trade barriers and tarrifs
Countries discontent with and demanded a revision of Versailles
Germany, France and Yugoslavia (Eastern Baltic States)
Factors which pulled Europe into the Great Depression
1929 Stock Market crash; French invasion and occupation of the Ruhr; lack of distribution of goods; Failure of government policies; unemployment
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
January 1923, Germany wasn’t paying reparation payments, France invaded the Ruhr valley; German workers used passive resistance; widespread unemployment; Dawes Plan, reduced reparation payments from Germany
The Lausanne Conference
Brought the era of reparation payments to an end
Causes and effects of the lack of production and distribution of commodities in the interwar years
Started with destruction of agriculture and industry; Less production and distribution of goods; Europe digging itself a hole
British Response to the Great Depression
The Labor Party, get jobs for people
French Response to the Great Depression
Popular Front Government (liberals, socialists) to institute popular social reforms; 40 hour work weeks, paid vacations
Irish Independence
April 1960, Eastern Rising, Nationalist order (sinnfein: ourselves alone); 1919-1922, Irish Independence, Leader of IRA Michael Collins; 1949, Ireland is born
Significance of the USSR in post WWI Europe
Single most important development post WWI; 1922 USSR formed by Lenin; 1917-1922, Bolsheviks in power
Causes and Effects of War Communism
Took place during the Russian Civil War; Lenin wants complete control; Secret Police, Cheka; Centralize every part of Russian economy
The NEP
New Economic Policy; Free market enterprise outside commending heights; transportation, military, big industry
Facts about the Third International
The Comintern; Bolsheviks were to united communists outside of USSR; 21 conditions, make the state purely communist; Ultimately divided communist states more than uniting them
Facts about power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin
Trotsky: Communism to spread, true marxism, rapid industry
Stalin: NEP, slow industrial, national communism; Stalin wins
Facts about the 5 Year Plans
Out produce capitalist countries; Consumer goods weren’t met or produced enough; Creation of pure industrial cities; Focused on capital goods
Facts about Collectivization of Agriculture
Make production of agricultural goods more effective; government replaced forms of Kulaks with state run collective farms
Facts about the Nazis
Socialism, Extreme nationalism, everything for the good of the nation
Similarities between Mussolini and Hitler
Both came to power legally; Both Fascist; Opportunists; very Machiavellian; very right wing; conservative; anti-Semites; Black and Brown shirts
Mein Kampf
Hitler wrote it in prison in 1925; how to make Germany powerful again; outlined his future plans for Germany
Impact of Gustav Stressemann
Restored public confidence in the economy, implemented a new currency, got USA to implement the Dawes Plan
The Locarno Agreements
Spirit of Locarno or optimism until the Great Depression
How the Nazi’s came to power within the Reichstag
Great Depression and unemployment
How Hitler became the Chancellor
Hindenburg appointed him; Mistakes in earlier chancellors appointed; Supported by middle class
Ways in which Hitler consolidated power
Reichstag Fire let him rule by decree; The Night of the Long Knives; The Enabling Acts, suspended all civil liberties
Phases of Nazi Anti-Semitism
1- Exclusion 2- Racial Legislation 3- The Final Solution (Extermination)
The roles of women in Nazi Germany
Make babies and teach children to be loyal to the state; be consumer of German goods; only Aryans could have babies, and low skill jobs
Facts about the Nazi Economic Policy
Strength through joy, give entire efforts to the state, then after that, have months off of work for leisure time
Factors/Events which led to WWII
WWI, Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Hitler and the Nazis
Examples of how the League of Nations failed
Manchurian Crisis, 1935 German rearmament, Italy invasion of Ethiopia, German invasion of the Rhineland
Results of Italy’s attacks on Ethiopia
League of Nations implemented economic sanctions, led to Italy and Germany uniting; discredited League of Nation
Consequences of Germany’s invasion of the Rhineland
League of Nations appeasment
Facts about the Spanish Civil War
Supported by Hitler and Mussolini, Francisco Franco led it, very fascist, fascists win the war, test run for Germany army
German aggression of Austria and Czechoslovakia
Hitler wanted both as Lebensraum; made Treaty of Versailles a dead letter
The Munich Conference
Hitler said he didn’t want any more territory; British Prime Minister says Peace with Honor (lol)
Facts about Germany’s conquest of Europe through 1941
Poland, Phony War, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, gets stopped at Britain
The Lend-Lease Act
USA would get to use Britain colonies and gave Britain industrial products
The Battle of Britain
Operation Sea Lion, London Blitz, 57 nights of bombing, RAF defends London, Germany gives up and moves to Russia, Britain wins
Operation Barbarosa
Delayed by Italy, pushed the battle into winter time, Germany invades Russia, doesn’t succeed because of Russia’s harsh winter
Factors that drew US into WWII
Bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
The North African Campaign
Rommel defeated, major allied victory
The Italian Campaign
Operation Torch, opens the Southern Front; Germany is forced to divert troops, Mussolini gets exiled and murdered; the soft underbelly
The Battle of Stalingrad
1 million Russians die, but still win, bent but didn’t break
Strategic Bombing
Precision Bombing: USA preferred
Area Bombing: Britain preferred
D-Day
June 6, 1944: largest amphibious assault, Normandy, France, Allied victory, France is liberated
The Costs of WWII
lots of damage to infrastructure, 40 million casualties
Jew casualties
6 million died, 90% of Polish Jews killed, widespread support from Germans caused by Propoganda
Domestic fronts in Britain, France, Germany, and the USSr
Germany: Total War; France: Free France and Vichy France;
Britain: Total War; USSR: Great Patriotic War
Political movements that shaped the global community since WWI
Communism and the Cold War; decolonization
The Iron Curtain
Churchill said it separated East and Communism from West and Democracy
Stalinist policies imposed on Eastern European states
Single party rule, collectivization, military is cooperate with Soviet Military, schools had to be under Soviet rule
Post war division of Germany
West had better conditions, USSR created the Berlin wall to separate it
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
NATO was Western alliance
Warsaw was communist state alliance
