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Ap Euro > Unit 2: chapter 11 & chapter 12 > Flashcards

Unit 2: chapter 11 & chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Groups that were proponents or allies of reforming the Catholic Church in the 16th c.

A

Trade Guilds, Free imperial towns, laity, towns people, peasantry

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1
Q

Birthplace of Reformation

A

Switzerland & Germany

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2
Q

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church

A

Increased knowledge, availability of knowledge

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3
Q

Common goal of 13th-15th lay religious movements

A

Religious simplicity (New Testament Model)

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4
Q

Imitation of The Christ

A

(Thomas Kempis wrote it) simple, life of Christ

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5
Q

Martin Luther

A

Son of miner, parents wanted him to be a lawyer, became a monk

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6
Q

Salvation according to the medieval church

A

Joint venture between man and god

Works + Grace = Salvation

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7
Q

Facts about the doctrine, practice and selling of indulgences

A

Pardon them from sins. Treasury of merit. Johan Tetsel sold Jubilee Indulgence. Pope Leo X made Jubilee Indulgence to fund St. Peter’s Basilica

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8
Q

95 Theses

A

10/31/1517 published by humanist, written by Martin Luther , sparked reformation, written in Latin

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9
Q

Literary works of Martin Luther

and their message

A

95 thesis
Address to the German Nobility
Babylonian Captivity
Freedom of a Christian

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10
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 1521

Luther to recant his works

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11
Q

Martin Luther’s view on how salvation was achieved

A

Justification by faith alone

Belief=works=grace=salvation

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12
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555

Regional princes can chose their religion

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13
Q

Reaction to German peasants revolt

A

Supported by no one but the peasants

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14
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

1530 Charles V command Protestants to convert to Catholicism

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15
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

Defensive alliance against Catholicism

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16
Q

Leaders of the reformation in Zurich

A

Ulrich Zwingli

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17
Q

Point of contention between Luther and Zwingli

A

Physical body of Christ

The nature of Christ presence in the Eucharist

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18
Q

Anabaptist

A

Infant baptist was not allowed

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19
Q

John Calvin

A

From France , wrote institutes of a Christian, Switzerland he created theocracy

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20
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

King Christian IIII

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21
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg durning 16th century

A

Safe heaven for persecuted Protesants

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22
Q

Henry VIII

A

Tudor Dynasty, name Defender of Peace because he attacked Luther with Defense of the 7 Sacraments, his chief advisor was Thomas Woolesy, 6 wives 2 executed

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23
Q

The kings “Great Matter”

A

Getting a divorce with Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn

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24
Q

Reformation Parliament , measures and legislations

A

1529-36 the Convocation : clergy giving power to the monarchy

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25
Q

Act of Succession

A

1534

Disinherited Mary I and made Anne Boleyn’s children legitimate heirs to the throne

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26
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

1549

Book of Common Prayer will be used in all of Churches of England

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27
Q

Baroque and Plain Architectural Styles?

A

Baroque Architecture was fancy, and elegant, and used by the Catholic Church. Plain Architecture was simple, to focus on the spiritual side of things, and was used by the Protestants.

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28
Q

Politiques and Examples?

A

Politique: a leader that places religious unity under political stability. Examples: Elizabeth I, Henry IV, Catherine de Medic

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29
Q

Factors that led to Protestant Persecutions in France?

A

Francis I captured by Charles V, caused persecution in France and Affair of the Placards, where Protestants posted anti-Catholic papers.

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30
Q

Competing families in France after death of Henry II

A

Protestant families were the Bourbon and Montmorency, and the Catholic families were the Guise.

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31
Q

Event which started the French Wars of Religion?

A

Catherine de Medici, a Politique was a regent for Charles IX, passed the January Edict, giving Protestants freedoms, causing the Massacre at Vassy, where Protestants were massacred by the Guise family, triggering the wars.

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32
Q

Effects of The Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye?

A

It gave Protestants control of the French Monarchy, and Coligny of the Montmorency family becomes the King’s trusted advisor.

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33
Q

Facts about St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

Happened on August 24, 1572, and 3000 leading Protestants (not including Henry of Navarre) were killed in France, and sparked 20,000-30,000 Protestant deaths throughout Germany. This gained sympathy for Protestants.

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34
Q

Characteristics/Facts about Henry IV of France?

A

Henry of Navarre, a Politique, changed to Catholicism (“Paris is worth a mass”) but was still very Protestant. Survives 14 assassination attempts. 1st Bourbon Monarch, starts the Bourbon Legacy. Laid the foundation of Royal Absolution.

35
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534

Declared Henry VIII as the supreme head on earth of the Church OF England

36
Q

Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life (modern devotion)

A

Pious life outside of formal religious vows (simple religion)

37
Q

Wives of Henry VIII (order)

A 
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
38
Q

Tudor Monarchs (order)

A 
Henry VII (1485-1509)
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
Edward VI (1547-1553)
Mary I (1553-1558)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
39
Q

Jesuits

A

Leader was Ignatius of Loyloa and taught self mastery (submit to higher authority with no question asked)

40
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

Founder of society of Jesus (Jesuits)

41
Q

Council of Trent

A

1545-1563 created by Pope Paul III

Focus on internal church discipline

42
Q

Protestants and the views on marriage

A

Allow clergy to marry and to allow divorce

43
Q

Marriage prior to the Reformation Age

A

Clergy can’t marry or divorce

44
Q

Contributing factors of Wet Nursing

A

Husbands disapproved, church condemned it, reflected social standing , vanity and connivence

45
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Wrote “Don Quixote” about Reality vs Idealism , poke fun of feudal times that Spain was in, went in jail, was a slave and solider, no formal education learned from experience

46
Q

William Shakespeare

A

Part of “Kings Men” , under Elizabeth I, wrote tragedies, comedies, histories , was very conservative religiously and political
Wrote:
Romeo and Juliet, Richard III,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth

47
Q

Key players of the French Religious Wars?

A

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV), Catherine de Medici, Duke of Guise (Francis Guise), Henry III, Coligny Montmorency, Condé Bourbon, and Henry Guise.

48
Q

Climax of Spanish/English Hostilities?

A

May 30, 1588, Defeat of the Spanish Armada

49
Q

Characteristics of Philip II

A

He was a reclusive man, managed his kingdom by pen and paper, was a pious Catholic, a generous patron of arts and culture, and lived in the Escorial Palace

50
Q

Philips II’s foreign policy and action durning 1st half reign

A

1st half focus on Mediterranean and holding the Moors back

51
Q

Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire

A

Netherlands

52
Q

Facts about the Elizabeth settlement

A

Compromise between Protestants and Catholics, kept visual parts and organization Catholic and kept teachings Protestants, she became known as “Good Queen Beth”

53
Q

Religious extremist who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I

A

Catholics
Mary Queen of Scots,Spain,Jesuits

Protestants
Puritans:no catholic whatsoever
Presbyterians: local control
Congregationalists: control their own church

54
Q

Facts about the Treaty of Westphalia

A

(1648)
Written in French showing French power, reaffirmed edict of restitution and peace of Augsburg giving Calvinists religious freedom, Swiss and Dutch get freedom, Prussia and Austria become most powerful states in the HRE

55
Q

Important dates

A 
Reformation starts (1517)
95 Theses (10/31/1517)
Diet of Worms (April 1521)
Edict of Worms (5/26/1521)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Convocation (1531)
Submission of Clergy (1532)
Annulment (1533)
Act of Succession (1534) 
Act of Supremacy (1534)
Six Articles (1539)
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
King Francis I captured by Charles V       (1525)
Affair of the Placards (1534)
Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)
Edict of Chateaubriand (1551)
Massacre at Vassy (1562)
1st war (1562-63)
2nd war (1567-68)
3rd war (1568-79)
St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre (8/24/1572)
Day of the Barricades (1588)
Don Quixote (1605 and 1615)
Spanish Netherlands (1567)
Elizabeth "Excommunicated" (1570)
English pirating (1572)
St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)
Mary Stuarts Execution (1587)
Defeat of Spanish Armada (5/30/1558)
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
Bohemian Period (1618-25)
Danish Period (1625-29)
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Swedish Period (1630-35)
Battle of Breitenfield (1630)
Battle of Lützen (1632)
Albert of Wallenstien's assassination  (1634)
Peace of Prague (1635)
Swedish-French Period (1635-48)
56
Q

Depopulation of Germany because of the Thirty Years’ War

A

1/3 of the German Population was killed

57
Q

Peace of Prague

A

Germans in the HRE wanted to stop the fighting but the foreign countries did not

58
Q

Condition of the Spanish Economy in 16th and 17th Century?

A

There was a growing population, causing less food, fewer jobs, and inflation, but there was a lot of money going to Spain from America.

59
Q

The Compromise?

A

It was created in 1564, and it was caused by Philip II trying to force decrees on the Dutch population, so they formed the Compromise, which was a pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.

60
Q

Perpetual Edict of 1577?

A

Was the removal of Spanish troops from the Netherlands, gave the Netherlands to William of Orange, and stopped Philip II from using the Netherlands to invade England.

61
Q

Successors of Edward VI of England?

A

Lady Jane Grey for 9 days, Mary I, and then Elizabeth I

62
Q

Facts about Mary I and her reign?

A

She was Catholic, repealed Protestant acts passed earlier, “Marian Prosecution”, burned 287 Protestants at the stake, nicknamed “Bloody Mary”, married Philip II

63
Q

Thirty-Nine Articles?

A

Made moderate Protestantism official teachings and Church of England

64
Q

Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists?

A

Puritans: wanted to purify Church of all Catholicism
Presbyterians: wanted some control over local churches
Congregationalists: wanted complete control of local churches

65
Q

Causes of outbreak of war between Spain and England?

A

The Spanish Netherlands, Elizabeth is “Excommunicated”, English Pirating, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Treaty of Nonsuch

66
Q

Reason for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain against England?

A

England was a leading Protestant nation

67
Q

Significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

A

Huge Protestant victory, started Spain’s decline in power

68
Q

Preconditions of The Thirty Years War?

A

Decentralized HRE, Religious Division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, and Maximillian of Bavaria

69
Q

Political situation of 16th Century Germany?

A

350+ independent states, separate currencies, laws and tariffs

70
Q

Significance of Bavaria to the Thirty Years’ War?

A

A Catholic state, that was lead by Maximillian of Bavaria, and he formed the Catholic League

71
Q

“Ecclesiastical Reservation”?

A

Stated that you could change religion, but you could not change the land from Protestant to Catholic or vice-versa

72
Q

Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders?

A

It’s central location gave good trade routes

73
Q

Significance of Heidelberg during the mid-16th century?

A

Heidelberg was a German Geneva, and was the Calvinist Headquarters

74
Q

Defensive alliance of Palatinate Calvinists?

A

English, Dutch and French

75
Q

Religious Population of HRE in 17th Century?

A

Lutheran and Catholic, with some Calvinism spread around

76
Q

Place of outbreak of Thirty Years’ War?

A

HRE

77
Q

Phases of the Thirty Years’ War?

A

Bohemian Period (1618-1625)
The Danish Period (1625-1629)
Swedish Period (1630-1635)
Swedish-French Period (1635-1648)

78
Q

Reason for beginning of Thirty Years’ War?

A

Protestants were stripped of freedoms by Ferdinand II, which angered Protestants triggering the war

79
Q

The Defenestration of Prague

A

Angered Protestants stormed royal buildings in Prague, and threw 3 royal officials out the windows of a 3 story building

80
Q

Actions of Ferdinand, King of Bohemia?

A

Stripped Protestants of freedoms, allies w/ Maximillian of Bavaria, and John George of Saxony against Frederick V. Hired and eventually assassinated Albrecht of Wallenstein.

81
Q

Battle of Breitenfield

A

Led by a military genius named Gustavus, Protestants Swedish victory and gave Protestants momentum.

82
Q

Characteristics and facts about the French Protestants

A

1/15%, aristocracy, became Huguenots

83
Q

Facts about Edict of Nantes

A

Declared Catholics as The French religion, issued by Henry of Navarre

84
Q

Duration of Austrian branch’s holding of western and eastern Habsburg lands

A

Up until 1848 or 19th century

85
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

Catholic safegaurds are restored, big red flag for Protestants, and reaffirmed illegallity of Calvinism

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