Unit 8 Quiz 2 Textbook

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question: “Who am I?” (the understanding and assessment of who they are)

Question 2

How does a child develop self-concept at 6 months, 15-18 months, and 8-10 years according to studies?

Answer 2

6 mo: children reach out and touch their mirror image as if it were another child
15-18 mo: children begin to touch their noses when they see the colored spot in the mirror (and 18 mo olds have a schema for how their face looks)
8-10 yrs: children have detailed descriptions like gender, group memberships, and psych traits (in summary they form a concept of which traits they would like to have)

Question 3

Parenting Styles: Authoritarian

Answer 3

parents impose rules and expect obedience

“too hard”

Question 4

Parenting Styles: Permissive

Answer 4

Parents submit to their children’s desires; they make only few demands and use little punishment

“too soft”

Question 5

Parenting Styles: Authoritative

Answer 5

Parents are both demanding and responsive; they exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for the rules (in older children these parents also tend to encourage open discussions when making rules and also allow exceptions

“just right”

Question 6

According to Diane Baumrind’s study on parenting styles, which parenting style is the most effective? Why?

Answer 6

Authoritative b/c children with these kind of parents have shown to have higher self-esteem, self-reliance, and and social competence

Question 7

How do children with authoritarian parents fare? And permissive?

Answer 7

They typically have lower self-esteem and less social skills; permissive parenting brings about children that are more aggressive and immature

Question 8

How is parenting advice value-laden?

Answer 8

all advice reflects the advice-giver’s values, therefore, what works for one kid may not work for another due to genetics and other factors

Question 9

How do westenized ideas of child-rearing differ from asian and african societies? How do their children fare (turn out)?

Answer 9

Westernized: focus on independence, responsibility for oneself
Asian & African: value emotional closeness, strong sense of family self (the belief that what children do either brings about shame or honor on one’s family)

There is no better or worse way, children have thrived under all kinds of child-rearing practices regardless of culture, time, and place

Question 10

Gender vs. Sex

Answer 10

Gender: the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Sex: based on genetics and biology, most are born either female or male (XX-female, XY-male)

Question 11

Describe the similarities and differences between men and women.

Answer 11

Similarities: very alike due to similar adaptive changes (evolution), similar genetically as 45 of our 46 chromosomes are unisex,

Differences: average woman begins puberty 2 yrs earlier, average woman’s life span is 5 yrs longer, she expresses emotions more freely, she can smell fainter odors, she’s offered help more often, she can become sexually re-aroused soon after orgasm, she is also doubly vulnerable to depression and anxiety,
10 times likelier to have an ED, XX Sex Chromosome, ———————————————————————————– —————————-men are 4x as likely to commit suicide or develop alcohol use disorder, more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, color-blindness, ADHD disorder as a child, and antisocial personality disorder as an adult, XY sex chromosome

Question 12

Relational vs. Physical Aggression (in women vs. men)

Answer 12

Relational Aggression: ostracism, spreading rumors, and gossip intended to hurt or destroy (more common in women)

Physical Aggression: fighting or other forms of violence intended to hurt or destroy (more common in men)

Question 13

Provide some examples of how physical aggression in men vs. women has been studied.

Answer 13

Men deliver what they believe to be more painful shocks, men have the highest rates of violent crime (9 to 1 in the US) , and men express more support for war

Question 14

Provide examples of how men around the world are given and demonstrate social dominance.

Answer 14

• most societies men do place more importance on power and achievement and are socially dominant
• when groups form, leadership typically goes to a man
• men are paid more
• political leaders are more likely to be men and its more socially acceptable for a man to be hungry for political power

Question 15

In regards to leadership styles, how do women differ from men?

Answer 15

men tend to be more directive, even autocratic; while women tend to be more
democratic, more welcoming of subordinates’ input in decision making

Question 16

What did Carol Gillan’s research indicate regarding the important differences among men and women?

Answer 16

Western individualist males struggle more to create an independent identity more than relationship-oriented females

Gilligan believed females tend to be less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and more concerned with “making connections.”

Question 17

How do men and women differ when it comes to communication?

Answer 17

• women take more pleasure in talking face to face and more often use
  conversation to explore relationships
• Men enjoy doing activities side by side and tend to use conversation to communicate solutions
• average teen girl sends double the number of text messages than teen boy
• In France, women have made 63% of phone calls and, when talking
  to a woman talk for longer

Question 18

How do men and women differ when it comes to interests/careers?

Answer 18

• “men prefer working with things and women prefer working with people”
• american men are seven times more likely than women to express interest in computer science
• women at work have been less driven by money and status and more often opted for reduced work hours

Question 19

How do men and women differ when it comes to closer relationships?

Answer 19

• when wanting understanding and someone with whom to share worries and hurts, both men and women usually turn to women
• both sexes have reported their friendships with women tend to be more intimate, enjoyable, and nurturing
• when coping with their own stress, women more than men turn to others for support—they “tend and befriend”

Question 20

Describe the prevalence of gender-differences across a lifespan.

Answer 20

• teen girls become less assertive and more flirtatious; boys become more domineering and unexpressive
• gender differences in social connectedness, power, and other traits peak in late adolescence and early adulthood
• after a child, parents (women especially) become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes
• by age 50, parenthood-related gender differences subside as men become more empathic and less domineering, and women become more assertive and self-confident

Question 21

Gender Roles

Answer 21

the social expectations that guide men’s and women’s behavior (how one “ought” to behave according to their gender)

Question 22

What are typical gender roles in western society?

Answer 22

men: expected to initiate dates, drive the car, and pick up the check, (men in the United States have daily spent about an hour and a half more on the job)
women: expected to decorate the home, buy and care for the children’s clothes, and select the wedding gifts, stayed home with a sick child, arranged for the babysitter, and called the doctor (women have devoted 54 percent more time to unpaid household work and 71 percent more time to child care)

Question 23

How do gender roles vary across culture? (nomadic societies, agricultural societies, in Australia, the middle east)

Answer 23

In nomadic societies of food-gathering people: little division of labor by sex

In agricultural societies: women work in the nearby fields and men roam while herding livestock, children are socialized into more distinct gender roles

Australians and Scandinavians offer the greatest gender equity

Middle Eastern and North African countries the least

Question 24

How have gender roles limited women across time and how may that aid in better future for women?

Answer 24

Early 1900s: only New Zealand granted women the right to vote

Late 1960s and early 1970s: women had become a force in the
voting booth and the workplace in many countries

Now: Nearly 50 percent of employed Americans are women, as are 54 percent of college graduates

Future: jobs expected to grow the most are the ones women have gravitated toward—those that require social intelligence, open communication, and the ability to sit still and focus

Question 25

Gender Identity

Answer 25

our sense of being male or female

Question 26

Gender Typing

Answer 26

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 27

Gender Identity vs. Gender Typing

Answer 27

one’s sense of being male or female VS. one’s acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 28

Social learning theory

Answer 28

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 29

How does social learning theory relate to gender typing?