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Nutrition > Unit 8: Lifecycle Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 8: Lifecycle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What should women who are trying to become pregnant be taking?

A

A prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement to ensure that folate needs are met. Should continue taking whilst pregnant.

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2
Q

What are the additional energy requirements for pregnant women? When?

A

2-3 additional servings per day after the first trimester

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3
Q

What nutrient is required in slightly higher amounts during 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

Protein. However, high protein supplements are not recommended.

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4
Q

What can folate deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Neural tube defects in the fetus (spina bifida, where the vertebrae fails to close around the spinal cord)

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5
Q

What can vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Irreversible nervous system damage in the fetus, cannot be detected until birth.

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6
Q

What can vitamin D do for the fetus?

A

Plays a role in calcium metabolism

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7
Q

Why is it important to have adequate calcium intake during pregnancy?

A

To ensure proper bone and teeth development of the fetus.

Intestinal absorption of Ca increases during pregnancy

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8
Q

How should pregnant women meet their iron requirements?

A

Need to greatly increase intake. Hard to achieve through just food intake. Take a prenatal supplement.

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9
Q

What can zinc deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Lead to problems with fetus growth and development

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10
Q

What is the correlation between BMI and weight gain during pregnancy?

A

The lower your BMI, the more weight you should gain. Weight loss is not recommended.

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11
Q

What are some of the components of weight gain during pregnancy?

A

Mother’s necessary fat stores, infant, placenta, increase in placenta blood supply, increase in mother’s fluid volume

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12
Q

How is the weight gained during pregnancy lost?

A

At delivery and in the weeks that follow delivery.

Typically more weight gained during pregnancy, more that will be retained after pregnancy.

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13
Q

Is physical activity okay during pregnancy?

A

Yes. It can help control weight gain. Discuss with health care provider to ensure that it is safe for that specific pregnancy

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14
Q

What is pica?

A

A craving for non-food items like clay, soil and ice. Associated with iron deficiency.

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15
Q

What is morning sickness?

A

Nausea and vomiting experienced by women due to hormonal changes in early pregnancy.

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16
Q

What causes heartburn in pregnancy?

A

Acid from the stomach is pushed up into the esophagus as the growing fetus puts pressure on the stomach.

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17
Q

What causes constipation in pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy hormones. Consume plenty of fluids and fibre and engage in regular physical activity to alleviate.

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18
Q

How should pre-existing diabetes be dealt with in pregnancy?

A

Must have excellent blood sugar control to give lowest risk of complications.

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19
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves once the baby is born. Greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

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20
Q

Can hypertension be bad in pregnancy?

A

Yes. Causes risks for both mother and fetus

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21
Q

What is preeclampsia?

A

High blood pressure and protein in the urine.. Poses a great risk to the mother, only known cure is delivery of baby
Leading cause of preterm delivery

22
Q

What practices should be avoided during pregnancy?

A

Smoking, medicinal drugs and herbal supplements, herbal tea, street drugs, high doses of vitamins or mineral supplements, restrictive dieting and alcohol

23
Q

What are the fish restrictions during pregnancy?

A

Limit shark, swordfish, fresh or frozen tuna, marlin to no more than 150 g per month.
Canned albacore (white) tuna to no more than 300 g per week.
High mercury fish

24
Q

What fish isn’t limited during pregnancy?

A

Low mercury fish

Salmon, canned light shrimp, pollock, pickerel

25
Q

How can consumption of methyl mercury affect pregnancy outcomes?

A

Crosses placental barrier from maternal blood to fetus. Accumulates in amounts in fetus higher than in mother. Can be transferred through breast milk.
Infant appears normal for 1st few months of life but later display IQ deficits, abnormal muscle tone, reduced motor function, lower attention span and increased blood pressure

26
Q

What food borne illness can cause problems in pregnancy? How can you avoid it?

A

Listerosis can cause miscarriage, still birth and severe infection of fetus
Should avoid consumption of unpasteurized juices and dairy products, luncheon meats or hot dogs unless heated until steaming, meats, fish poultry or eggs, refrigerated pates, smoked fish and unwashed vegetables and fruit.

27
Q

What should be done about sugar substitute use in pregnancy?

A

Do not consume cyclamate or high doses of approved sugar substitutes.

28
Q

What is the caffeine limit for pregnancy?

A

2-8 ounce cups of coffee per day

Excess can lead to an increased risk of miscarriage and fetal death.

29
Q

What is the recommended timeline for breast feeding?

A

Exclusively breast feeding for first 6 months and the continuation while introducing complimentary foods (solid foods, preferably iron rich) based on readiness for 2 years or longer.

30
Q

When is breast feeding not recommended?

A

Tuberculosis and HIV

31
Q

What additional energy and nutrients do breast feeding women require?

A

330 additional calories per day and 13 cups of fluids per day.
Gradual weight loss is healthy

32
Q

How will nutrient deficiencies affect breast milk?

A

It will affect the quantity versus quality of breast milk produced.

33
Q

Can foods alter breast milk taste?

A

Yes. But the foods do not need to be avoided unless they cause discomfort in the infant

34
Q

What should breastfeeding women avoid?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, street drugs.

Medications and herbal products should be used cautiously. Caffeine should be used in moderation.

35
Q

What is growth like during the first year of life?

A

Most rapid, slows by age 2. A child will have attained about half their adult height by age 2.
BMR is really high. Requires abundant nutrients.

36
Q

What nutrients does breast milk supply?

A

Provides all nutrients that infants need to thrive except vitamin D (supplementation needed)

37
Q

What do infant formulas contain?

A

Mimic the nutrient content of breast milk very closely and have vitamin D added to them.

38
Q

When should cow’s milk be introduced to an infant?

A

When the child is 1 year old. It is not an appropriate substitute for breast milk.
Don’t let an infant fall asleep sucking on a bottle that is filled with anything that is not water. Tooth decay risk.

39
Q

What are the Canadian Food Guide Recommendations for 24-36 months?

A

Vegetables and Fruit: 4 servings
Grain Products: 3 servings
Milk and Alternatives: 2 servings
Meat and Alternatives: 1 serving

40
Q

How should caffeine intake be for children?

A

Should be below Health Canada’s recommendations
No energy drinks
2 cans of cola for ages 10-12
1 can of cola for ages 4-6

41
Q

What is adolescence marked by? How does it differ for boys and girls?

A

A period of steady growth directed by changes in hormone levels. Males see an increase in lean muscle mass, females see an increase in fat mass.

42
Q

What mouth changes in aging can affect nutrition?

A

Tooth loss, gum disease and reduced salivary input impede chewing and swallowing.

43
Q

What digestive tract changes in aging affect nutrition?

A

Intestines lose muscle strength resulting in sluggish motility (constipation)
Stomach inflammation, abnormal bacterial growth and greatly reduced acid output.

44
Q

What hormonal changes in aging affect nutrition?

A

The pancreas secretes less insulin and cells become less responsive causing abnormal glucose metabolism.

45
Q

What sensory organ changes in aging affect nutrition?

A

Diminished sense of smell, sight and taste can reduce appetite and make food shopping and prep difficult.

46
Q

What body composition changes in aging affect nutrition?

A

Weight loss and decline in lean body mass lead to lowered energy requirements. Preventable or reversible through physical activity

47
Q

What urinary tract changes in aging affect nutrition?

A

Increased frequency of urination may limit fluid intake.

48
Q

Which nutrients are of concern in aging?

A

Water, energy, fiber, protein, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron and zinc.

49
Q

What factor can put senior citizens at greater risk of nutritional inadequacies?

A

Living alone or dining alone on a regular basis.

50
Q

What programs in Winnipeg can assist the elderly in making meals?

A

Meals on Wheels and Winnipeg Congregate Meal Program

Nutrition (9 decks)

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