Unit 7: Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight Flashcards
What is feasting?
Excess energy consumption.
How is excess carbohydrate consumption stored?
Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. But once these are full, the excess is used for energy
How are excess fat and protein stored?
As fat
How does alcohol affect fat storage?
Slow down the body’s use of fat for fuel, causing more fat to be stored
What is fasting?
A voluntary energy deficit. The body will use stored glycogen and fat for energy and may ultimately resort to using body tissue.
What will fasting result in?
Rapid initial weight loss (water weight) and loss of lean body mass. The basal metabolic rate will be lowered, so when you eat again, you rapidly gain weight.
How many excess calories equal one pound of body fat?
3,500 calories
To lose one lb in a week, you would need to expend 500 calories/day.
What are the 3 ways we expend energy?
To fuel the body’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) (the sum of all involuntary activities necessary to maintain life excluding digestion) uses most
To fuel voluntary activity
Through the body’s metabolic response to food (thermic effect of food, speeds up after a meal)
What type of people have the highest BMR?
Highest in those who are growing (pregnancy, children, adolescents) and those with considerable lean body mass (physically fit and males). Tall, fever, under stress, medications
What should estimated energy requirement calculations take into account?
Gender (body composition differs) Growth (higher in growth) Age (decreases with age) Physical activity level Height and weight (higher if taller and heavier)
What is the equation for BMI?
BMI=weight (kg)/ height (m)^2
What is BMI used for?
To evaluate a person’s health risks associated with being underweight or overweight. Assessing the degree of overweight and obesity.
What are the classifications of BMI for people 18 and up?
Underweight: 30
What are some drawbacks to BMI?
Fails to show how much weight is actually fat and where the fat is located
Not suitable for athletes (large heavy muscle mass), pregnant and lactating women (normal increased weight) and adults over 65.
What is anthropometry?
The assessment of body composition involving direct body measurements (waist circumference, fat fold test)
What is wrong with visceral fat stored in the abdominal cavity?
Associated with increased risk of disease.
Those who carry their weight around the centre of their body have a higher risk of death than those who carry weight in their lower body.
What does weight circumference measurement do?
Measures visceral fatness and disease risk.
Measure around the body at a point near the belly button (exhale normally)
Healthy:
What do skinfold measurements do?
Calculates the thickness of a fold of skin at areas on the body using callipers and provides an estimate of total body fat and where it is located.
Need trained technician, use same tech for each test
What could be the role of proteins in the development of obesity?
Lipoprotein lipase enables fat storage (higher, more fat storage)
Leptin is an appetite suppressing hormone produced by fat cells
Ghrelin is an appetite stimulating hormone made and secreted by stomach cells, promotes efficient energy storage
What is the fat cell number theory?
Body fatness is determined by the number and size of fat cells.
What is the set point theory?
The body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls. When weight is gained or lost, the body’s energy expenditure shifts to restore the “chosen” weight.
What is hunger?
A physiological need to eat. More powerful than satiety
What is appetite?
A psychological need to eat
What is satiation?
The perception of fullness that builds throughout a meal. Eventually reaches a degree that stops eating
