unit 8 lecture

Question 1

What percentage of total body water is found in adults?

Answer 1

60%

This percentage reflects the average total body water in adults.

Question 2

What percentage of total body water is found in pediatrics?

Answer 2

75-80%

This higher percentage accounts for the greater fluid content in children.

Question 3

What are examples of transcellular fluids?

Answer 3

• synovial
• pleural
• cerebrospinal

These fluids are found in specific compartments of the body.

Question 4

What is NOT considered a transcellular fluid?

Answer 4

lymphatic

Lymphatic fluid is classified differently than transcellular fluids.

Question 5

What causes water to move out of capillaries during filtration?

Answer 5

Hydrostatic pressure

This pressure is exerted by the fluid within the capillaries.

Question 6

What pressure is involved in reabsorption?

Answer 6

Osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure plays a crucial role in retaining fluid within the vascular system.

Question 7

What pulls water into capillaries?

Answer 7

Oncotic pressure

Oncotic pressure is typically influenced by proteins in the blood.

Question 8

What is the force favoring reabsorption?

Answer 8

Interstitial pressure

This pressure helps to counterbalance hydrostatic pressure.

Question 9

What are the causes of edema?

Answer 9

• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• decreased plasma oncotic pressure
• lymph channel obstruction
• decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

These factors contribute to fluid accumulation in tissues.

Question 10

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

Answer 10

Sodium

Sodium plays a key role in fluid balance and nerve function.

Question 11

What is the primary cation in intracellular fluid?

Answer 11

Potassium

Potassium is essential for cellular function and electrical activity.

Question 12

What defines hypernatremia?

Answer 12

Sodium greater than 145

Hypernatremia can lead to dehydration and neurological issues.

Question 13

What defines hyponatremia?

Answer 13

Sodium less than 135

Hyponatremia can cause swelling of cells and various health problems.

Question 14

What is the normal range for potassium levels?

Answer 14

3.5-5.5

These levels are critical for maintaining cardiac and muscular function.

Question 15

What is the normal range for calcium levels?

Answer 15

8.8-10.5

Calcium is vital for bone health and physiological functions.

Question 16

What is the normal range for phosphate levels?

Answer 16

2.5-5.0

Phosphate is important for energy transfer and bone structure.

Question 17

What is the normal range for magnesium levels?

Answer 17

1.8-3.0

Magnesium plays a role in muscle function and enzyme activity.

Question 18

What is the normal pH for biological fluids?

Answer 18

7.4

This pH is considered neutral and is crucial for biochemical processes.

Question 19

What hormone leads to sodium and water reabsorption while promoting potassium excretion?

Answer 19

aldosterone

Aldosterone is important for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

Question 20

What hormone primarily affects water reabsorption?

Answer 20

ADH

ADH helps to conserve water in the body.

Question 21

What hormone increases water reabsorption into the plasma?

Answer 21

ADH

This hormone plays a crucial role in hydration status.

Question 22

What is the function of natriuretic peptide?

Answer 22

causes water excretion

Natriuretic peptide helps to reduce blood volume and pressure.

Question 23

What percentage of body calcium is stored in bones?

Answer 23

99%

The majority of calcium in the body is found in the skeletal system.

Question 24

What is carbonic acid (H2CO3) classified as?

Answer 24

Volatile acid

It can dissociate, allowing hydrogen to be excreted in the kidneys.

Question 25

What is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 25

diabetic ketoacidosis

This condition results from increased acid production in the body.

Question 26

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 26

hyperventilation

Rapid breathing leads to decreased carbon dioxide levels.

Question 27

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Answer 27

hypoventilation

Slow breathing results in increased carbon dioxide levels.

Question 28

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 28

excessive vomiting

Loss of stomach acids can lead to increased alkalinity.

Question 29

What are the components of Starling forces?

Answer 29

• capillary hydrostatic pressure
• interstitial oncotic pressure
• capillary oncotic pressure

These forces balance fluid movement in and out of capillaries.

Question 30

What does Starling’s law describe?

Answer 30

balance of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

This law explains fluid dynamics in the circulatory system.

Question 31

What happens to potassium levels during acidosis?

Answer 31

potassium moves out of the cells and increases serum potassium level

This shift is due to the accumulation of hydrogen ions in the intracellular fluid.