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BACTE > UNIT 8: HOST MICROORGANISM INTERACTION > Flashcards

UNIT 8: HOST MICROORGANISM INTERACTION Flashcards

1
Q

o Growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to the host
o Bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and then cause disease through local injury, toxin secretion, or An-Ab reaction to the host

A

Infection

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2
Q

caused by microorganisms from the microbiota of the host

A

Autogenous infection

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3
Q

result of medical treatment or procedure

A

iatrogenic infection

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4
Q

affects immunocompromised host

A

Opportunistic infection

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5
Q

hospital-acquired infection

A

nosocomial infection

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6
Q

4 common types of nosocomial infection

A

-UTI
-Lung infection (Pneumonia)
-Surgical site infection
-Bloodstream infection

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7
Q

disease that occurs occasionally

A

sporadic

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8
Q

it is when a disease is constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

A

endemic

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9
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location

A

epidemic

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10
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

A

outbreak

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11
Q

an epidemic that spans the world

A

pandemic

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12
Q

a person who carries the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease

A

carrier

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13
Q

harbors the microorganism temporarily for a few days or weeks

A

casual / acute / transient carrier

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14
Q

remain infected for a relatively long time, throughout its entire life (Typhoid Bacillus)

A

chronic carrier

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15
Q

remain infected for a relatively long time, throughout its entire life (Typhoid Bacillus)

A

chronic carrier

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16
Q

recovered from infection but continuous to harbor larger numbers of the pathogen

A

convalescent carrier

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17
Q

overt clinical case of the disease

A

active carrier

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18
Q

what are phases of infectious diseases?

A

Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Clinical or Illness Period
Decline Period
Convalescence Period or Period of Recovery

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19
Q

time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms

A

incubation period

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20
Q

a phase where there is appearance of signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal Period

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21
Q

a phase where there is peak of characteristic signs and symptoms

A

Clinical or Illness Period

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22
Q

phase where signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host’s condition improves

A

Decline Period

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23
Q

phase wherein the host is recuperating towards full recovery

A

Convalescence Period or Period of Recovery

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24
Q

A microorganism responsible for causing infection or infectious disease

A

Causative / Etiologic Agent

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25
Q

Organism capable of producing disease

A

Pathogen

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26
Q

A quantitative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of a particular microorganism

A

Virulence

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27
Q

Microorganism that does not cause disease; may be part of the normal flora

A

Nonpathogenic

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28
Q

An agent capable of causing disease only when the host’s resistance is impaired

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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29
Q

examples of opportunistic pathogen

A

-PAE
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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30
Q

Means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host

A

mode of transmission

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31
Q

A non-living entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and as such is the mode of transmission for that agent

A

Vehicle / Fomite

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32
Q

A living entity (animal, insect, or plant) that transmits the etiologic agent

A

Vector

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33
Q

An animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

A

Host

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34
Q

An organism which is dependent on another organism for food and shelter

A

Parasite

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35
Q

any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection

A

Surveillance

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36
Q

The state of disease and its associated effects on the host

A

morbidity

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37
Q

Death resulting from disease

A

mortality

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38
Q

Laboratory-based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

A

Strain typing

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39
Q

Origin of the etiologic agent or location from which they disseminate

A

Reservoir

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40
Q

The etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic or outbreak originates from a single source or reservoir

A

Common source

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41
Q

association of two organisms living in close proximity

A

Symbiosis

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42
Q

refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species

A

mutualism

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43
Q

a relationship wherein the parasite derives benefits from the host without causing injury or harm to the host

A

commensalism

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44
Q

a relationship whereby one organism derives benefits at the expense of another

A

parasitism

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45
Q

ability of the organism to produce disease

A

pathogenicity

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46
Q

large groups of genes that are associated with pathogenicity and are located on the
bacterial chromosome

A

pathogenicity islands

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47
Q

the ability of the organism to enter host tissues , multiply, and spread faster

A

invasiveness

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48
Q

ability of the organism to produce toxins

A

toxigenity

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49
Q

non-poisonous forms of toxins which can be
used for vaccination

A

toxoid

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50
Q

preparation of toxoid

A
  • by aging
  • by exposure to heat
  • by exposure to 50% alcohol, formaldehyde, and dilute acids
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51
Q

general stages of microbial-host interaction

A
  1. physical encounter between host and microorganism
  2. microorganism colonization of host surface(s)
  3. microorganism entry, invasion, and dissemination
  4. outcome
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52
Q

microorganisms that are commonly found on or in body sites of healthy persons

A

normal / indigenous / usual flora

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53
Q

microorganisms that colonize an area for months or years

A

resident microbial flora

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54
Q

microorganisms that are present at a site temporarily represent

A

transient flora

55
Q

presence of flora depends on what factors?

A
  • physiologic factors or temperature
  • moisture
  • presence of certain nutrients and inhibitory substances
56
Q

roles of microbial flora?

A
  1. provide a first line of defense against microbial pathogens
  2. assists in digestion and absorption of nutrients; also synthesis of Vitamin K
  3. play a role in toxin degradation
  4. contribute to maturation of the immune system
57
Q

ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual

A

pathogenicity

58
Q

are organisms recognized to cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals

A

true pathogens

59
Q

examples of true pathogens?

A

Yersinia pestis
Bacillus anthracis

60
Q

cause disease if the host is immunocompromised

A

opportunistic pathogens

61
Q

o relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity
o measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host

A

virulence

62
Q

Microbial Virulence Factors

A

a. Inhibiting phagocytosis
b. Facilitating adhesion to host cells or tissues
c. Enhancing intracellular survival after phagocytosis
d. Damaging tissue through the production of toxins and extracellular enzymes

63
Q

o Mask the cell surface structures that are recognized by receptors on the surface of the phagocytic cell
o Inhibits the activation of complement by masking structures to which complement proteins bind

A

capsule

64
Q

o found in the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus
o Interfering with the binding of the host’s antibodies to the surface of the organism
o Binds to the Fc portion of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis by turning the antibody around on the surface

A

Protein A

65
Q

heat resistant and acid resistant protein, mediates attachment to host epithelial cell and helps resist phagocytosis

A

M protein

66
Q

resists digestion during phagocytosis; the bacteria can even multiply inside macrophages

A

Mycolic acid

67
Q

o produced by Streptococci
o lyse red blood cells and induce toxic effects on WBC

A

hemolysins

68
Q

o realesed by pathogenic staphylococci
o cause lysosomal discharge into cell cytoplasm

A

leukocidins

69
Q
  • Staphylococcal leukocidin
  • Lethal to leukocytes and contributes to the
    invasiveness of the organism
A

Panton-Valentine

70
Q

Cell surface structures that mediate attachment

A

adhesins

71
Q

enable bacteria to adhere to host cell
surfaces, offering resistance by attachment to target cells and
increasing the organism’s colonizing ability

A

fimbriae (pili)

72
Q

what are the main adhesins in bacteria?

A

-fimbriae (pili)
-surface polysaccharides

73
Q

Use lactoferrin as a source of iron

A

meningococci

74
Q

organisms that produce an IgA protease that
degrades the IgA found at mucosal
surfaces

A

H. influenzae,
N. gonorrhoeae, and
N. meningitides

75
Q

Circumvent host antibodies by
shifting key cell surface antigens

A

Borrelia spp.

76
Q

microorganisms able to multiply intracellularly

A

Chlamydia, Mycobacterium,
Brucella, and Listeria

77
Q

ability of microorganism to penetrate and grow in tissues

A

invasion

78
Q

ability of disease or organisms to spread to distant sites

A

dissemination

79
Q

a highly invasive organism that
may not disseminate

A

Clostridium perfringens

80
Q

poisonous substances produced by organisms that interact with host cells, disrupting normal metabolism and causing harm

A

Toxins

81
Q

soluble substances that liquefy the hyaluronic acid of the connective tissue matrix, helping to spread bacteria in tissues, promoting the dissemination of infection

A

Proteases and Hyaluronidases

82
Q

breaks down collagen, which
forms the connective tissue of
muscles and other body organs
and tissues

A

collagenase

83
Q

hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a type
of polysaccharide that holds
together certain cells of the body,
particularly cells of the connective
tissue helping the organism spread
from its initial site of infection

A

hyaluronidase

84
Q

example of organisms in hyaluronidase

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (cellulitis)
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

85
Q

produced by S. aureus and
accelerates the conversion of
fibrinogen to a fibrin clot

A

coagulase

86
Q

Destroy IgA antibodies found on
secretions

A

immunoglobulin A protease

87
Q

Destroy neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

88
Q

2 subunits of exotoxin?

A
  • nontoxic (binds the toxin to the host cells)
  • toxic
89
Q

T or F
exotoxins are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

A

T

90
Q
  • Encoded by phages, plasmids, or transposons→most toxic
    substances
  • Good antigens and induce the production of antibodies
    called “ANTITOXINS”
A

toxin gene

91
Q

when exotoxin polypeptides are treated with formaldehyde (or acid or heat), these endotoxin polypeptides can be converted to what?

A

toxoids (which are used in protective vaccines)

92
Q

examples of toxoids include:

A
  • Diphtheria toxin
  • Tetanospamin
  • Botulism toxin
  • Heat labile enterotoxin by E. coli, Vibrio, and Bacillus
  • Verotoxin
  • Erythrogenic toxin
  • Tree toxins of B. anthracis (ef, pa, lf)
  • Toxic shock syndrom toxin 1 (TSST-1)
93
Q

transcribe ef, pa, lf

A
  • edema factor
  • protective antigen
  • lethal factor
94
Q

3 principal types of exotoxin on the basis of structure and function?

A
  1. A-B toxin
  2. Membrane-Disrupting Toxin
  3. Supernantigen
95
Q

Consists of two domains or subunits, one responsible for binding to the cell and entry into the cell and the other
possessing the toxic activity

A

A-B toxin

96
Q

cause lysis of host cells by disrupting their plasma membrane; some form protein channels in the plasma membrane (S. aureus); others disrupt the phospholipid portion of the membrane (C. perfringens)

A

Membrane-Disrupting toxins

97
Q

Example of Membrane-Disrupting toxins?

A
  • Leukocidins
  • Hemolysins
98
Q

antigens that provoke a very intense immune response; non-specifically stimulate the proliferation of immune
cells called T cells, which in turn secrete enormous amounts of cytokines

A

Superantigens

99
Q

inhibits protein synthesis and
affects the heart, nerve tissue, and liver

A

diphtheria toxin

100
Q

neurotoxin that blocks nerve
impulse transmission, causing flaccid paralysis, especially in infants → FLOPPY BABY

A

botulinum toxin

101
Q

produce “EXFOLIATIN” which causes rash and massive skin peeling or exfoliation

A

Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

102
Q

give 3 examples of superantigens?

A
  1. Diphtheria toxin
  2. Botulinum toxin
  3. Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
103
Q

Neurotoxin; prevents the transmission of nerve impulses ➡️ flaccid paralysis

A

Clostridium botulinum - botulism

104
Q

Neurotoxin, blocks nerve impulses to muscle relaxation pathway ➡️ spastic paralysis

A

Clostridium tetani - tetanus

105
Q

Cytotoxin, inhibits protein synthesis (esp. in nerve, heart, and kidney cells)

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Diphtheria

106
Q

Causes skin layers to separate and slough off (scalded skin)

A

Staphylococcus aureus - scalded skin syndrome

107
Q

Enterotoxin, causes secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes that result in diarrhea

A

Vibrio cholerae - cholera

108
Q

bacterium associated with traveler’s diarrhea?

A
  • Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
  • Shigella spp.
109
Q

composed of the LPS portion of the outer membrane on the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

A

endotoxins

110
Q

role of endotoxins?

A
  1. stimulate the fever centers of the hypothalamus (1hr after exposure)
  2. hypotension (30 mins after exposure) ➡️ shock
  3. initiates coagulation ➡️ DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
  4. severe neutropenia
  5. activate macrophage, complement, and has adjuvant effect on protein antigens
  6. stimulates interferon production and causes changes in carbohydrates, lipids, iron, and sensitivity to epinephrine
111
Q

microorganisms that are capable of penetrating normal, healthy skin

A

Leptospira spp.
Francisella tularensis
Treponema spp.

112
Q

primary mechanical barrier to infection

A

healthy, intact skin

113
Q

o low-molecular-weight (approximately 20,000 D) enzyme
that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
o found in serum, tissue fluids, tears, breast milk, saliva, and sweat

A

lysozyme

114
Q
  • found in mucous secretions of the respiratory, genital, and digestive tracts
  • serve as opsonins, fix complement and neutralize the infecting organism
A

secretory IgA

115
Q
  • low-molecular-weight cationic proteins in serum
  • lethal against gram-positive bacteria and are released from platelets during coagula.on
A

ß-lysins

116
Q

inhibits proliferation of viruses

A

interferon

117
Q

compete with pathogens for nutrients and space

A

indigenous microbial flora

118
Q

substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

bacteriocins

119
Q

Particle is taken into the cytoplasm and enclosed within a vacuole called

A

phagosome

120
Q

Phagosome fuses with lysosomes = ?

A

phagolysosome

121
Q

Lysosomes release their contents into the phagosome → ?

A

degranulation

122
Q

myeloperoxidase, proteases, cathepsin, lactoferrin,
lysozyme, and elastase ➡️ necessary for the killing and digestion of the engulfed particles

A

lysosomes

123
Q

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION:

A

redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function

124
Q

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

A

histamine
kinins
leukotrienes
prostaglandins
acute phase reactants
cytokines

125
Q

mechanism whereby the body is able to protect itself from invasion by disease-causing organisms

A

immunity

126
Q

consists of numerous cells and protein molecules that are responsible for recognizing and removing these foreign substances

A

immune system

127
Q

constituents of the adaptive or specific immune response

A

lymphocytes and antibodies

128
Q

primary effector cell in
cell-mediated immunity

A

t lymphocytes

129
Q

microorganism mot is thru dog-bite and cat-bite infec.ons

A

Pasteurella multocida

130
Q

Inhibits transpeptidation and cell wall synthesis

A

beta lactam

131
Q

Inhibits translocation and elongation of peptidoglycan layer

A

vancomycin

132
Q

Inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors

A

bacitracin

133
Q

Acts only on growing cells and can either be a bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

isoniazid

BACTE (3 decks)

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