unit 8, exam 2

Question 1

faint young sun paradox

Answer 1

sun gets stronger with time so early Earth received about 70% of current energy, but Earth was still hot

Question 2

sunspot cycles

Answer 2

11 years

more sunspots=more energy output. not enough to drive climate change

Question 3

milankovitch cycles and orbital parameters

Answer 3

eccentricity
precession
obliquity

Question 4

eccentricity

Answer 4

100,000 year cycle

changes in how extreme the elliptical orbit is. how close or far away the earth is from the sun

Question 5

perihelion

Answer 5

point closest to the sun

right now in january

Question 6

aphelion

Answer 6

point furthest from the sun

right now in june

Question 7

precession

Answer 7

23,000 year cycle
changes that effect which hemisphere faces the sun during the perihelion/aphelion
-changes the contrast between summer and winter seasons
-THIS IS WHY ICE AGES ARE POSSIBLE
colder summers are what can make ice and snow and glaciers expand

Question 8

obliquity

Answer 8

41,000 years
earths axis tilt changes from 22.1-24.5 and back over those years.
as tilt increases=winters colder, summers warmer
tilt decreases=seasons even out

Question 9

global contributions

Answer 9

plate techtonics

volcanoes

Question 10

plate techtonics

Answer 10

determine land mass and how radiation is absorbed by earth

10million to 100 million years

Question 11

volcanoes

Answer 11

1-millions of year time scale
increase in greenhouse gases
some decrease because of aerosals(mt.pinatubo) (aerosal dimming)(deccan traps)

Question 12

future trend of milankovitch cycles

Answer 12

less elliptial orbit
closer to the sun in june
lesser axis tilt
ALL POINTING OPPOSITE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Question 13

aerosal dimming

Answer 13

absorb energy and scatter or send it back out as shortwave radiation

Question 14

deccan traps

Answer 14

big plateau of volcanic stuff in india. potentially the demise of the dinos. huge eruption after astroid

Question 15

positive feedback

Answer 15

climate change increases as a reaction to initial change.
more of this in nature
ice albedo feedback
soil moisture feedback
warm earth feedback

Question 16

negative feedback

Answer 16

reaction to initial change tries to balance things back out

warm earth-evaporation feedback

Question 17

arctic amplification

Answer 17

more heating is going on at the poles as compared to the equator

Question 18

sinks

Answer 18

components responsible for removing carbon from another component

Question 19

source

Answer 19

component responsible for adding carbon to another component

Question 20

methane hydrate

Answer 20

melting of land with methane forms thermokarst lakes which decay and release methane into atmosphere increase in GHG then warms system and melts permafrost

Question 21

human contributions of sources and sinks

Answer 21

Energy industry(GHG)
Aerosols (global dimming & cooling effect)
Land use/land change
Agriculture

Question 22

callendar effect

Answer 22

theory that global climate change can be brought about by enhancement of the earth greenhouse effect by increasing GHG concentration in the atmosphere

Question 23

keeling curve

Answer 23

daily record of observations of CO2 at manua loa used as evidence that atmopheric CO2 is rising and contributing to climate change.

• 40% greater than industrial revolution
• burning fossil fuels accounts for 75% of deforestation

Question 24

natural aerosals

Answer 24

volcanoes, dust, sea spray(salt), pollen, fire smoke

Question 25

anthroprogenic

Answer 25

diese soot, coal power, slash and burn smoke, ag emisisons of dust

Question 26

deforestation

Answer 26

decreases a natural sink of carbon

Question 27

urbanization

Answer 27

change in land surface use which alters absorbed solar energy changing the energy budget

Question 28

irrigation

Answer 28

infuences surface evaporation and T/rainfall downstream

Question 29

agriculture

Answer 29

modifies land use and water distribution
food has a large carbon Footprint, especially red meat
deforestation (91%) of amaozn is for animal ag