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NCM 214 A > Unit 8: Complications of Adolescents > Flashcards

Unit 8: Complications of Adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

This are infections or infectious disease syndromes transmitted primarily by sexual contact?

A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

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2
Q

It is considered as primary prevention. It is the most effective way of reducing adverse consequences of STIs for adolescents.

A

Preventing Infection

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3
Q

It is the secondary prevention which can prevent personal complications and transmission to others.

A

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of current infections

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4
Q

These are immunologic deficiency disorders that are considered as syndromes wherein the body is unable to mount an immune response?

A

AIDS, SCID and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

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5
Q

The immune response can also be misdirected. In autoimmune disorders, ______, ______ and ______ attack healthy cells.

A

antibodies, macrophages and lymphocytes

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6
Q

True or False.
Research has led to early diagnosis and improved medical treatments for HIV infection, changing this disease from a rapidly fatal one to a chronic disease.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

This happens when virus invade the immune system.

A

HIV

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8
Q

AIDS. Diagnosed when ______ cell count is less than _____ or when the patient has an _______ (e.g. serious infection, cancer).

A

CD4 T, 200, AIDS-defining complication

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9
Q

The first AIDS cases in the pediatric population in the United States were identified in?

A

children born to HIV-infected mothers and in children who received blood products

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10
Q

More than _____ % of these children acquired the disease perinatally from their mothers.

A

90

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11
Q

HIV is a _______ that is transmitted by _______ and ______.

A

retrovirus, lymphocytes and monocytes

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12
Q

This uses RNA as their genetic material. The cell converts this RNA into DNA, which is then inserted into the DNA of the host cells. This leads to the production of more of it that would infect other cells.

A

Retroviruses

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13
Q

Retroviruses can be found in the?

A

blood, semen , vaginal secretions and breast milk

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14
Q

What is the incubation or latency period of retroviruses?

A

months to years

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15
Q

This type of transmission of HIV occurs through intimate sexual contact.

A

Horizontal transmission

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16
Q

This type of transmission occurs when HIV infected pregnant women pass it to her infant.

A

Parenteral or vertical transmission

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17
Q

The count eventually reaches a critical level which there is a substantial risk for _____, followed by ______.

A

opportunistic illness, death

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18
Q

What are the common defining conditions for _______?
- __________ carinii pneumonia (PCP)
- __________ interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)
- recurrent ________ infections
- _________ syndrome
- _________ esophagitis
- HIV _________
- _________ disease
- Mycobacterium __________ complex infection
- Pulmonary _________
- Herpes _________ disease

A
  • AIDS
  • Pneumocystis
  • Lymphoid
  • bacterial
  • wasting
  • Candidal
  • Encephalopathy
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • avium-intracellular
  • candidiasis
  • simplex
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19
Q

What are the common manifestation of immunodeficiency virus infection in Children?

A
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Oral Candidiasis
  • Chronic or recurrent diarrhea
  • failure to thrive
  • developmental delay
  • Parotitis
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20
Q

What are the common or defining conditions for acquired immune deficiency syndrome in children?

A
  • Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
  • Lymphoid interstitial Pneumonitis
  • Recurrent bacterial infection
  • Wasting Syndrome
  • Candidal Esophagitis
  • HIV encephalopathy
  • Cytomegalovirus Disease
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex infection
  • Pulmonary Candidiasis
  • Herpes Simplex Disease
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21
Q

For children 18 months of age and older the HIV ______ and ______ are performed to determine HIV infections in infants born to HIV infected mothers.

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western Blot immunoassay

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22
Q

Most commonly the _____ is used for detection of Proviral DNA.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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23
Q

A controlled-center study tested _______ as a novel technology that is ideal for early infant diagnosis of HIV-1.

A

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification.

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24
Q

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification has two main functions which are?

A
  1. Combination tests that detect both HIV antigen and antibody
  2. Tests that accurately differentiate HIV-1 from HIV-2 antibodies
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25
Q

What are the immunological category in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection classification?

A
  • No evidence of suppression
  • evidence of moderate suppression
  • severe suppression
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26
Q

N1, N2, N3

A

No signs and symptoms

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27
Q

A1, A2, A3

A

Mild signs or symptoms

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28
Q

B1, B2, B3

A

Moderate Signs or Symptoms

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29
Q

C1, C2, C3

A

Severe Signs or Symptoms

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30
Q

Children whose human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status is not confirmed is classified as?

A

E (for prenatally exposed)

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31
Q

What are the classes of antiretroviral agents?

A
  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • Protease inhibitors
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32
Q

This are used to stall the emergence of drug resistance?

A

Combinations of antiretroviral drugs

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33
Q

What are the laboratory markers which are used to assist in monitoring both the disease progression and response to it?

A

CD4 + lymphocyte count, viral load

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34
Q

Is often employed for other opportunistic infections such as disseminated mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex, candidiasis, or herpes simplex.

A

Prophylaxis

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35
Q

This has been helpful in preventing recurrent or serious bacterial infections in some HIV infected children?

A

IV Gamma Globulin (IVGG)

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36
Q

It is recommended for children exposed to and infected with HIV.

A

Immunization against common childhood influenza, including pneumococcal and influenza vaccines

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37
Q

These have changed HIV disease from a rapidly fatal illness to a chronic disease.

A

Early recognition and improved medical care

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38
Q

They are the fastest growing groups of newly infected persons in the us.

A

young adults (13-24)

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39
Q

It is defined as an increase in body weight resulting from an excessive accumulation of body fat relative to lean body mass.

A

Obesity

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40
Q

It refers to the state of weighing more than average for height and body build.

A

Overweight

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41
Q

Obesity in childhood and adolescence has been related to?

A
  • elevated blood cholesterol
  • high blood pressure
  • respiratory disorder
  • orthopedic conditions
  • cholelithiasis
  • some types of adult onset cancer
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus
42
Q

Etiology and Physiology of Obesity
- Caloric intake that consistently _________ caloric __________ and _________.

A

exceeds, requirements, expenditure

43
Q

What interrelated influences are involved in obesity?

A
  • metabolic
  • hypothalamic
  • hereditary
  • social
  • cultural
  • psychological
44
Q

What is the major focus of obesity research?

A
  • appetite regulation
45
Q

What stimulates appettite?

A

Orexigenic

46
Q

True or False
Disparities in obesity rates exist among racial/ethnic minorities, immigrant and refugee communities, and socioeconomic status (SES).

A

True

47
Q

What are the different factors that may lead to obesity?

A
  • Community factors
  • Institutional factors
  • Physical inactivity
  • Psychological factors
  • Frequency of family meals
48
Q

What are the diagnostic evaluation for obesity?

A
  • History taking and Physical examination
  • BMI
  • Body weight
  • Weight-height ratios
  • Weight-age ratios
  • hydrostatic weight
  • dual- energy x-ray absorptiometry, skinfold measurements
  • bioelectrical analysis
  • computed tomography (CT)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Neutron activation
49
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

(Weight in pounds / Height in inches x 70) / Height in inches

50
Q

What are the therapeutic management for obesity?

A
  • Diet, exercise, behavior modification, and in some situations pharmacologic agents such as orlistat
  • Behavioral Modification
  • Surgical Techniques
51
Q

A lipase inhibitor that has been approved for use in children 12 years old and older.

A

Orlistat

52
Q

What are the recommended behavior for preventing obesity?

A
  • limit consumption of sugar sweetened -beverages
  • consume recommended quantities of fruits and vegetables
  • limit screen time to no more than 2 hours per day
  • Remove television and computer screens from primary sleeping areas
  • eat breakfast
  • limit eating at restaurants
  • have frequent family meals in which parents and youth eat together
  • limit portion sizes
53
Q

True or False
- assess, manage, and evaluate the progress of many overweight adolescents.
- recognizing potential weight problems and assisting parents and adolescents in preventing obesity.
- Regular assessment of height and weight and computation of the BMI facilitate early recognition of risk.
- Evaluation includes a height and weight history of the adolescent and family members,
- Evaluation includes a height and weight history of the adolescent and family members, eating
habits, appetite and hunger patterns, and physical activities.
- A psychosocial history is also helpful in understanding the impact of obesity on the child’s life.
- Assessment of readiness of adolescent
- Nutritional counseling
- reducing the quantity eaten by purchasing, preparing, and serving smaller portions
- altering the quality consumed by substituting low-calorie, low-fat foods for high-calorie foods
- eating regular meals and snacks, particularly
breakfast; and
- altering situations by severing associations between eating and other stimuli, such as eating
while watching television.

A

True

54
Q

True or False: Explore interest in changing behaviors in the optimal range.

A

False

54
Q

True or False. Agree on target behaviors with the patient and caregiver

A

True

54
Q

With regards to interest in changing weight status or behaviors, what should be assess?

A
  • Willingness/ability to make change
  • perceived importance
  • confidence in having success
55
Q

True or False
1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of changes
2. Query possible next steps. Do not allow the adolescent to suggest ideas as it might be wrong.
3. Provide guidance for getting started i making a change as needed. Encourage achievable goals.
4. Provide positive feedback.

A
  1. True
  2. False
  3. True
  4. True
56
Q

What are essential to weight reductions especially in maintaining long term weight control?

A

Altering eating behaviors and eliminating inappropriate eating habits

57
Q

What are the most common concepts used for most behavioral modification programs?

A
  • a description of the behavior to be controlled
  • attempts to modify and control the stimuli that govern eating
  • Development of eating techniques designed to control speed of eating
  • positive reinforcement for these modifications through a suitable rewards system that does not include food.
58
Q

True or False.
One of the good steps for behavioral change is to create an environment where the healthy choice is the easy.

A

True

59
Q

What involvements are necessary for behavioral change?

A
  • Group involvement
  • Family involvement
  • Physical activity
  • prevention
60
Q

It refers to the pain during or shortly before menstruation?

A

Dysmenorrhea

61
Q

It refers to the absence of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

62
Q

It is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men.

A

Gynecomastia

63
Q

What causes Gynecomastia?

A

Imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone

64
Q

It is not only dilatation but twisting of the spermatic cord which requires surgical emergency.

A

Testicular Torsion

65
Q

It is an inflammatory reaction of the epididymis of the testicle.

A

Epididymitis

66
Q

What can be the causes of epididymitis?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis and local trauma

67
Q

It is characterized by elongation, dilation and tortuosity of the veins of the spermatic cord.

A

Varicocele

68
Q

This are small, flesh colored, white, or dark bumps that give the skin a rough texture. The bumps are cause by acne.

A

Comedones

69
Q

It refers to the process of the formation and development of comedones

A

Comodogenesis

70
Q

Open comedown

A

Black Heads

71
Q

Close Comedown

A

White heads

72
Q

What is the peak age of acne for girls?
How about boys?

A

16-17 and 17-18, respectively

73
Q

A type of dysmenorrhea. Associated with the release of prostaglandins with menses?

A

Primary Dysmenorrhea

74
Q

It causes the muscles and blood vessels of the uterus to contract?

A

Prostaglandins

75
Q

When does pain begins in primary dysmenorrhea? when does it last?

A

onset of menstruation, 8 to 48 hours

76
Q

When does primary dysmenorrhea usually appear?

A

6-12 months after menarche

77
Q

This type of dysmenorrhea are associated with pathologic disorder.

A

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

78
Q

In secondary dysmenorrhea. Pain is _________; lower abdominal aching that radiates to the _________; _________

A

dull, back or thigh; bloating

79
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Ultrasound, Dilatation and Curettage, Endometrial Biopsy, or Laparoscopy

80
Q

This type of dysmenorrhea has pain during or before the start of menstruation.

A

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

81
Q

What medications are used for dysmenorrhea?

A

NSAIDS and OCP

82
Q

What are the nursing care management for a person with dysmenorrhea?

A
  • Health teachings
  • History Taking
  • Support in the form of anticipatory guidance
83
Q

What are the therapeutic management for Dysmenorrhea?

A
  • Heat and exercise
  • Massaging the lower back
  • Soft-rhythmic rubbing of the abdomen (effleurage)
  • Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
  • Progressive Relaxation
  • Hatha Yoga
  • Acupuncture
  • Meditation
84
Q

What is the nursing care management for Amenorrhea?

A

Counseling and education are primary interventions and appropriate nursing roles.

85
Q

What are the nursing care management for gynecomastia?

A
  • Assure the adolescent that the situation is benign and temporary
  • Do physical Assessment before giving false assurance
  • All Adolescents with gynecomastia should receive a careful medical evaluation to rule out pathologic causes
  • If all ruled out and no pathologic causes tell them it’s normal
86
Q

What are the treatment for testicular torsion?

A
  • manual distortion
  • manual reduction
  • laparoscopic surgery
87
Q

What are the treatments for epididymitis?

A
  • analgesic
  • scrotal support
  • bed rest
  • antibiotic
88
Q

How do you prevent ACNE?

A

AOCRS
- Avoid astringents
- Avoid Oily foods
- Avoid Chocolates
- Avoid too much exposure to radiation
- avoid staying up late

89
Q

It is the absence of menstruation at age 15 years in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics.

A

Primary Amenorrhea

90
Q

What are the causes of Primary Amenorrhea?

A

Anatomic
Hormonal
Genetic
Idiopathic

91
Q

Absence of three or more periods in a row of someone who has had periods in the past?

A

Secondary Amenorrhea

92
Q

What are the causes of secondary amenorrhea?

A

Physical or emotional stress
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
PCOS
Sudden and Severe weight loss
Strenuous exercise
Eating Disorders
Use of extrinsic pharmacologic agents (phenothiazines, contraceptive steroid and heroin)

93
Q

What can be the possible causes of Gynecomastia?

A

Transient (temporary)
Drug induced
Caused by liver or thyroid problem

94
Q

In testicular torsion, this condition may lead to tissue death if not intervened promptly, why?

A

Vessels failed to suppl blood in the area

95
Q

When should Testicular torsion diagnosed to save a man from infertility?

A

within 4 hours ASAP

96
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Testicular torsion?

A

Severe scrotal pain
Tenderness upon palpation
Edema

97
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of epididymitis?

A
  • scrotal pain
  • redness and swelling
  • urethral discharge
  • dysuria
  • fever
  • pyuria
98
Q

On examination. a varicocele will often increase in size with _________ maneuver and then decompress in _________ position.

A

Valsalva, recumbent

99
Q

Palpation of varicocele often fells like a _________.

A

Bag of Worms

NCM 214 A (8 decks)

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