Unit 8 Flashcards
1
Q
sources of carbs exogenously
A
start
disaccharides
monosaccharides
2
Q
exogenous food that need to be digested further into monosaccharides
A
starch
disaccharides
3
Q
monosaccharides ____ need to be further digested
A
dont
4
Q
endogenous sources of cabohydrates
A
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
5
Q
____: making new glucose from pyruvate
A
gluconeogenesis
6
Q
____: breakdown of glycogen
A
glycogenolysis
7
Q
___: make new glycogen
A
glycogenesis
8
Q
_____: breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
A
glycolysis
9
Q
catabolism of glucose and glycogen is through what 5 ways
A
aerobic glycolysis anaerobic glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway Krebs cycle oxidative phophorylation
10
Q
all digestive enzymes belong to class 3 - ____
A
hydrolases
11
Q
__-_____: produced in salivary gland and pancreas
A
a amylase
12
Q
a-amylase: digests starch to ____, ____, and ____
A
glucose
maltose
isomaltose
13
Q
_____: produced in the small intestine
A
disaccharidases
14
Q
maltase: maltose –> __ glucose
A
2
15
Q
isomaltase: isomaltose –> __ glucose
A
2
16
Q
lactase: lactose –> _____+ _____
A
glucose
galactose
17
Q
sucrase: sucrose –> _____ + ______
A
glucose
fructose
18
Q
many metabolites in the glycolytic pathway are used by ___ pathways
A
anabolic
19
Q
biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids through 3 pathways
A
aerobic glycolysis
krebs cycle
transamination
20
Q
lipogenesis through what 3 pathways
A
glycolysis
krebs cycle
pentose phosphate pathway
21
Q
biosynthesis of nucleic acids through what pathway?
A
pentose phosphate pathway
22
Q
generation of glucuronic acid through what pathway?
A
uronic acid pathway
23
Q
gluconeogeneiss maintains ___ ___ leve and ____ energy
A
blood glucose
stores
24
Q
____ ____: metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate for the release of energy
A
aerobic glycolysis
25
aerobic glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell
cytosol
26
aerobic glycolysis requires ___
NAD+
27
aerobic glycolysis only occurs when there is ___ in the tissue
O2
28
O2 is required ___ in aerobic glycolysis:
| - does not participate ___, nut is required in the ETC to generate NAD+, which does not participate ___
indirectly
directly
directly
29
aerobic glycolysis costs ___ ATP; yields __ ATP; net __ ATP
2
4
2
30
aerobic glycolysis also yields __ NADH
2
31
aerobic glycolysis
| - enzyme needed for glucose --> G6P
glucokinase
32
aerobic glycolysis
| glucose --> G6P changes ___-->___
GTP
| GDP
33
aerobic glycolysis
| G6P --> F6P enzyme
isomerase
34
aerobic glycolysis
| F6P --> F1,6-BP enxyme
PFK-1
| phosphofructose kinase
35
aerobic glycolysis
F6P-->F1,6-BP
____ --> ___
ATP
| ADP
36
aerobic glycolysis
| F1,6-BP --> G3P and DHAP enzyme
aldolase
37
aerobic glycolysis
| G3P is able to _____ go down the pathway
directly
38
aerobic glycolysis
| DHAP cannot go ___ down the pathway
directly
39
aerobic glycolysis
| DHAP has to be ____ to G3P by ___
isomerized
| isomerase
40
aerobic glycolysis
| G3P --> 1,3 - BPG enzyme
dehydrogenase
41
aerobic glycolysis
G3P --> 1,3-BPG
___-->___
+ ___
NAD+
NADH
Pi
42
aerobic glycolysis
| 1,3 BPG --> 3PG enzyme
kinase
43
aerobic glycolysis
1,3 BPG --> 3PG
____ --> ___
ADP
| ATP
44
aerobic glycolysis
| 3PG --> 2PG enzyme
mutase
45
aerobic glycolysis
| 2PG--> PEP enzyme
enolase
46
aerobic glycolysis
| PEP--> pyruvate enzyme
kinase
47
aerobic glycolysis
PEP--> pyruvate
___ --> ____
ADP
| ATP
48
everything after F 1,6 -BP gets ____
doubled
49
_____/___ in the liver: glucose is first phosphorylated with ATP, tapping glucose inside the cell.
hexokinase/glucokinase
50
hexokinase/glucokinase: this step is ___
irreversible
51
____ __: G6P is converted to its isomer F6P
phosphoglucose isomerase
52
____: before F6P is cleaved, it acquires another phosphate from ATP, producing Fructose 1,6 BP, gets it ready to split into 2 triose phosphorylated products
phosphofructokinase
53
___: cleavage of F 1,6 BP produces the triose phosphate: DHAP and G3P
aldolase
54
___ ___ ___: DHAP is brought back into the glycolytic pathway by isomerization to G3P. in effect, allows 2 G3P molecules to be formed from one F 1,6 BP
triose phosphate isomerase
55
____ ____ ____: oxidation and phosphorylation of G3P produces 1,3 BPG and NADH. inorganic phosphate, rather than ATP, is used in this phosphorylation step
G3P dehydrogenase
56
____ ___: transfer of PO4 from 1,3 BPG to ADP produces ATP and 3PG. this is 1 of 3 rxns that create ATP outside of oxidative phosphorylation
phosphoglycerate kinase
57
____-___ ____ of ADP: identifiable high-energy substrate donates a phosphate to ADP to make ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
58
____: the phosphate group is shifted to carbon 2 to produce 2PG
phosphoglyceromutase
59
___: removal of a molecule of water produces PEP
enolase
60
___ ____: substrate level phosphorylation of ADP with PEP produces ATP and pyruvate
pyruvate kinase
61
substrates of aerobic glycolysis
glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD
62
products of aerobic glycolysis
2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH
63
substrates of anaerobic glycolysis
glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD
64
products of anaerobic glycolysis
2 lactate
4 ATP
0 NADH
65
anaerobic will convert pyruvate to ____ and convert NADH to ____
lactate
| NAD
66
2 fxns of ETC
make ATP in the presnece of O2
| electrons from NADH to regenerate NAD
67
anaerobic glycolysis in the liver does what?
conversion of pyruvate to lactate recycles NADH
68
anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle will do what?
fast twitch muscle fibers with few mitochondria supply energy rapidly. high concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase sustain high rates of lycolysis
69
anaerobic glycolysis in the red blood cells do what?
no mitochondria means no oxidative phosphorylation as a source of ATP. thus, total reliance on anaerobic metabolism to provide energy
70
to go from lactate to pyruvate you have to transport it from the blood ---> ___
liver
71
when there is sufficient NAD+, lactate is converted back to ___ in the ___
pyruvate
| liver
72
both forward and reverse reactions of lactate and pyruvate catalyzed by ___ ___
lactate dehydrogenase
73
glycolysis is regulated by 4 things
substrate concentration
allosteric modifiers
enzymes
hormones
74
increased carb intake ___ glycolysis
regulates
75
insulin is elevated in response to increased concentration of glucose will ___ glycolysis
regulate
76
increase carb intake and inulin elevation because of increase glucose will increase the activity of 4 things
glucokinase - liver
hexokinase - other cells
phosphofuctokinase
pyruvate kinase
77
what happens to glucokinase if you eat carbs?
increase
78
what happens to phosphofructokinase if you eat carbs?
increase
79
what happens to pyruvate kinase if you eat carbs?
increase
80
what happens to glucokinase if you are starving/diabetic?
not specifically affected
81
what happens to phosphofructosokinase if you are starving/diabetic?
decreased
82
what happens to pyruvate kinase if you are starving/diabetic?
decreased
83
what happens to glucokinase if insulin is present?
increase
84
what happens to phosphofructokinsae if insulin is present?
increase
85
what happens to pyruvate kinase if insulin is present?
increase
86
activators of PFK
AMP
Pi
F6P
F 2,6 BP
87
activators of pyruvate kinase
F 1,6 BP
88
inhibitors of glucokinase
G6P
89
inhibitors of PFK
```
citrate
FA
ATP
glucagon (cAMP)
high energy state
```
90
inhibitors of pyruvate kinase
alanine
ATP
glucagon (cAMP)
epinephrine
91
pyruvate + nitrogen =
alanine
92
pyruvate through gluconeogenesis -->
glucose
93
pyruvate post glycolysis/pre-kreb -->
acetyl coA
94
pyruvate through transamination -->
L Alanine
95
pyruvate through lactate dehydrogenase -->
lactate
96
pyruvate enters the mitochondria, then is converted to ___ ___
acetyl coA
97
conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA by ___ ___
pyruvate dehydrogenase (complex)
98
pyruvate dehydrogenase 3 enzymes
pyruvate dehydrogenase
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
99
active form of B1
TPP
100
___ converts thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate
TPP
101
____: cofactor for many aerobic runs --> justifies it as a dietary supplement
lipoate
102
____: gets oxidized and is a derivative of vit B5
CoASH
103
___: derived from riboflavin (vit B2) required for electron transfer
FAD
104
___: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, derived from niacin (vit B3), carries hydrogen equivalent
NAD+
105
5 pyruvate complex coenzymes
```
TPP
lipoate
CoASH
FAD
NAD+
```
106
post glycolysis/pre kreb
| per glucose, __ NADH are generated worth ___ ATPs
2
| 6
107
post glycolysis/pre kreb
| acetyl coA and NADH + H+ are ____
ergogenic
108
____ is a metabolic waste product, which can be excreted or used
CO2
109
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a ___ ___
regulatory enzyme
110
activators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
```
CHO feeding
CoASH
NAD+
ADP
pyruvate
insulin
protein phosphatase activity
```
111
inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
```
starvation
acetyl CoA
NADH
ATP
protein kinase
```
112
_____: biosynthesis of glucose from non-carb precursors
gluconeogenesis
113
gluconeogenesis is essential for the maintenance of ___ ___ at a normal level and prevent ____
blood glucose
| hypoglycemia
114
4 gluconeogenic enzymes
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
Frucose 1,6 diphosphatase
glucose 6 phosphatase
115
glycolysis
| glucose --> G6P requires 1 of 2 enzymes
glucokinase
| hexokinase
116
glycolysis
| F6P --> F-1,6-P enzyme
phosphofructokinase
117
glycolysis
| PEP --> Pyruvate enzyme
pyruvate kinase
118
gluconeogenesis
| G6P --> glucose enzyme
G6Phosphatase
119
gluconeogenesis
| F1,6P --> F6P enzyme
F`1,6-bisphosphatase
120
gluconeogenesis
| pyruvate --> OAA enzyme
pyruvate carboylase
121
gluconeogenesis
| OAA --> PEP enzyme
PEP carboxykinase
122
____: biosynthesis of glycogen
glucogenesis
123
glucogenosis
| enzyme that isomerizes G6P --> G1P
phosphoglucomutase
124
glycogenosis
| ezyme that attacehs the glucose unit to an ezisting primer in alpha 1-4
glycogen synthase
125
glycogenesis
- enzyme that removes the ~6 glucose chain from growing glycogen polymer
- attaches to a nearby glycogen in alpha 1-6
branching enzymes
126
____: catabolism of glycogen
glycogenolysis
127
glycogenolysis
| enzyme used to break the alpha 1-4 bonds of glucose in glycogen to form G1P
glycogen phosphorylase
128
glycogenolysis
enzyme used when a lycogen branch has been reduced to 4 residues, it removes 3 and adds to an ezisting glycogen polymer branch in alpha 1-4 linkage
glucan transferase
129
glycogenolysis
| enzyme used to remove alpha 1-6 of last glucose residue from strump to release glucose
debranching enzyme
130
regulated enzymes in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
glycogen synthase
| glycogen phosphorylase
131
when glycogen synthase is phosphorylated it is _____
inactive
132
when glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated it is ____
active
133
when glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated it is _____
active
134
when glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated it is _____
inactive
135
adrenaline/epinephrine will _____ glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
phosphorilates
136
insuline will ____ glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
deposphorylates
137
glycogen synthase is for ____
glycogenesis
138
glycogen phosphorylase is for ____
glycogenolysis
139
glycogen syntase and degradation flow through ____ ___ ___ which is in equilibrium with G6P
G1P
140
glycogen synthase can act quickly and it is allosterically activated by ____
G6P
141
highly branched structure of glycogen allows for rapid release of ___
glucose
142
___ high energy bonds are consumed for each glycose stored in glycogen
2
143
cAMP directed phosphorylation has reciprocal regulatory effects on glycogen synthase (____) and phosphorylase (____)
inhibition
| activation
144
pentose phsophate pathway is also known as __ ___ ___
hexose monophosphate shunt
145
fxn of PPP
| generate NADPH + H+ for _____
lipogenesis
146
fxn of PPP
| produse ribose 5 phosphate for ___ biosynthesis
nucelotide
147
fxn PPP
| alternate shunt for ____ ___
glucose metabolism
148
fxn off PPP
| metabolism of some ____
sugars
149
PPP
| glucose 6 phosphate + 2NADP+ + H20 -->
ribulose 5 phosphate
2 NADPH
2H+
CO2
150
fxn of the uronic acid pathway
synthesis of UDP glucuronate
151
glucuroate part of UDP glucuronate converts insoluble compounds to soluble ones for ____
excretion
152
fructokinase pathway
| fructose --> ____ --> 2 things
Fructose 1 phosphate
| hydroxyacetone - P and D glyceraldehyde
153
hexokinase pahtway
| fructose -->
F6P
154
activation of galactose to Gal 1 P by ____
galactokinase
155
transfer of galactose from Gal 1 P to UDP glucose to form UDP Gal by ____ ___ ___ ___ ___
galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase
156
epimerization of the galactose part of UDP gal to form ___ ___
UDP glu
157
galactosemia is caused by a deficiency of ...
gal 1 P uridyl transferase
158
D glucose --> d sorbitol by ___ ___
aldose reductase
159
D galactose --> D galactitol by __ ___
aldose reductase
160
aldose reductase is found in 4 places
lens epithelium
seminal vesicles
kidney
peripheral n
161
D sorbitol --> D fructose enzyme
sorbitol dehydrogenase
162
sorbitol dehydrogenase found in 2 places
liver
| seminal vesicles
163
diabetes mellitus:
| excessive ___ formed in the eyes cannot be metabolized
sorbitol
164
diabetes mellitus:
| it inhibits ____ for ATP synthesis and thus protein formation
glycolysis
165
diabetes mellitus:
| it creates high osmotic condition that disrupts protein fibers in the eyes leading to 2 things
diabetes cataracts
| blindness
