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T2 - BioChem midterm 2 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

sources of carbs exogenously

A

start
disaccharides
monosaccharides

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2
Q

exogenous food that need to be digested further into monosaccharides

A

starch

disaccharides

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3
Q

monosaccharides ____ need to be further digested

A

dont

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4
Q

endogenous sources of cabohydrates

A

gluconeogenesis

glycogenolysis

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5
Q

____: making new glucose from pyruvate

A

gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

____: breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

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7
Q

___: make new glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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8
Q

_____: breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

catabolism of glucose and glycogen is through what 5 ways

A 
aerobic glycolysis
anaerobic glycolysis
pentose phosphate pathway
Krebs cycle
oxidative phophorylation
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10
Q

all digestive enzymes belong to class 3 - ____

A

hydrolases

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11
Q

__-_____: produced in salivary gland and pancreas

A

a amylase

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12
Q

a-amylase: digests starch to ____, ____, and ____

A

glucose
maltose
isomaltose

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13
Q

_____: produced in the small intestine

A

disaccharidases

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14
Q

maltase: maltose –> __ glucose

A

2

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15
Q

isomaltase: isomaltose –> __ glucose

A

2

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16
Q

lactase: lactose –> _____+ _____

A

glucose

galactose

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17
Q

sucrase: sucrose –> _____ + ______

A

glucose

fructose

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18
Q

many metabolites in the glycolytic pathway are used by ___ pathways

A

anabolic

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19
Q

biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids through 3 pathways

A

aerobic glycolysis
krebs cycle
transamination

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20
Q

lipogenesis through what 3 pathways

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
pentose phosphate pathway

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21
Q

biosynthesis of nucleic acids through what pathway?

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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22
Q

generation of glucuronic acid through what pathway?

A

uronic acid pathway

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23
Q

gluconeogeneiss maintains ___ ___ leve and ____ energy

A

blood glucose

stores

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24
Q

____ ____: metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate for the release of energy

A

aerobic glycolysis

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25
Q

aerobic glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell

A

cytosol

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26
Q

aerobic glycolysis requires ___

A

NAD+

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27
Q

aerobic glycolysis only occurs when there is ___ in the tissue

A

O2

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28
Q

O2 is required ___ in aerobic glycolysis:

- does not participate ___, nut is required in the ETC to generate NAD+, which does not participate ___

A

indirectly
directly
directly

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29
Q

aerobic glycolysis costs ___ ATP; yields __ ATP; net __ ATP

A

2
4
2

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30
Q

aerobic glycolysis also yields __ NADH

A

2

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31
Q

aerobic glycolysis

- enzyme needed for glucose –> G6P

A

glucokinase

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32
Q

aerobic glycolysis

glucose –> G6P changes ___–>___

A

GTP

GDP

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33
Q

aerobic glycolysis

G6P –> F6P enzyme

A

isomerase

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34
Q

aerobic glycolysis

F6P –> F1,6-BP enxyme

A

PFK-1

phosphofructose kinase

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35
Q

aerobic glycolysis
F6P–>F1,6-BP
____ –> ___

A

ATP

ADP

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36
Q

aerobic glycolysis

F1,6-BP –> G3P and DHAP enzyme

A

aldolase

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37
Q

aerobic glycolysis

G3P is able to _____ go down the pathway

A

directly

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38
Q

aerobic glycolysis

DHAP cannot go ___ down the pathway

A

directly

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39
Q

aerobic glycolysis

DHAP has to be ____ to G3P by ___

A

isomerized

isomerase

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40
Q

aerobic glycolysis

G3P –> 1,3 - BPG enzyme

A

dehydrogenase

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41
Q

aerobic glycolysis
G3P –> 1,3-BPG
___–>___
+ ___

A

NAD+
NADH
Pi

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42
Q

aerobic glycolysis

1,3 BPG –> 3PG enzyme

A

kinase

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43
Q

aerobic glycolysis
1,3 BPG –> 3PG
____ –> ___

A

ADP

ATP

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44
Q

aerobic glycolysis

3PG –> 2PG enzyme

A

mutase

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45
Q

aerobic glycolysis

2PG–> PEP enzyme

A

enolase

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46
Q

aerobic glycolysis

PEP–> pyruvate enzyme

A

kinase

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47
Q

aerobic glycolysis
PEP–> pyruvate
___ –> ____

A

ADP

ATP

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48
Q

everything after F 1,6 -BP gets ____

A

doubled

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49
Q

_____/___ in the liver: glucose is first phosphorylated with ATP, tapping glucose inside the cell.

A

hexokinase/glucokinase

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50
Q

hexokinase/glucokinase: this step is ___

A

irreversible

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51
Q

____ __: G6P is converted to its isomer F6P

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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52
Q

____: before F6P is cleaved, it acquires another phosphate from ATP, producing Fructose 1,6 BP, gets it ready to split into 2 triose phosphorylated products

A

phosphofructokinase

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53
Q

___: cleavage of F 1,6 BP produces the triose phosphate: DHAP and G3P

A

aldolase

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54
Q

___ ___ ___: DHAP is brought back into the glycolytic pathway by isomerization to G3P. in effect, allows 2 G3P molecules to be formed from one F 1,6 BP

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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55
Q

____ ____ ____: oxidation and phosphorylation of G3P produces 1,3 BPG and NADH. inorganic phosphate, rather than ATP, is used in this phosphorylation step

A

G3P dehydrogenase

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56
Q

____ ___: transfer of PO4 from 1,3 BPG to ADP produces ATP and 3PG. this is 1 of 3 rxns that create ATP outside of oxidative phosphorylation

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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57
Q

____-___ ____ of ADP: identifiable high-energy substrate donates a phosphate to ADP to make ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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58
Q

____: the phosphate group is shifted to carbon 2 to produce 2PG

A

phosphoglyceromutase

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59
Q

___: removal of a molecule of water produces PEP

A

enolase

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60
Q

___ ____: substrate level phosphorylation of ADP with PEP produces ATP and pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase

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61
Q

substrates of aerobic glycolysis

A

glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD

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62
Q

products of aerobic glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

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63
Q

substrates of anaerobic glycolysis

A

glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD

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64
Q

products of anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 lactate
4 ATP
0 NADH

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65
Q

anaerobic will convert pyruvate to ____ and convert NADH to ____

A

lactate

NAD

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66
Q

2 fxns of ETC

A

make ATP in the presnece of O2

electrons from NADH to regenerate NAD

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67
Q

anaerobic glycolysis in the liver does what?

A

conversion of pyruvate to lactate recycles NADH

68
Q

anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle will do what?

A

fast twitch muscle fibers with few mitochondria supply energy rapidly. high concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase sustain high rates of lycolysis

69
Q

anaerobic glycolysis in the red blood cells do what?

A

no mitochondria means no oxidative phosphorylation as a source of ATP. thus, total reliance on anaerobic metabolism to provide energy

70
Q

to go from lactate to pyruvate you have to transport it from the blood —> ___

A

liver

71
Q

when there is sufficient NAD+, lactate is converted back to ___ in the ___

A

pyruvate

liver

72
Q

both forward and reverse reactions of lactate and pyruvate catalyzed by ___ ___

A

lactate dehydrogenase

73
Q

glycolysis is regulated by 4 things

A

substrate concentration
allosteric modifiers
enzymes
hormones

74
Q

increased carb intake ___ glycolysis

A

regulates

75
Q

insulin is elevated in response to increased concentration of glucose will ___ glycolysis

A

regulate

76
Q

increase carb intake and inulin elevation because of increase glucose will increase the activity of 4 things

A

glucokinase - liver
hexokinase - other cells
phosphofuctokinase
pyruvate kinase

77
Q

what happens to glucokinase if you eat carbs?

A

increase

78
Q

what happens to phosphofructokinase if you eat carbs?

A

increase

79
Q

what happens to pyruvate kinase if you eat carbs?

A

increase

80
Q

what happens to glucokinase if you are starving/diabetic?

A

not specifically affected

81
Q

what happens to phosphofructosokinase if you are starving/diabetic?

A

decreased

82
Q

what happens to pyruvate kinase if you are starving/diabetic?

A

decreased

83
Q

what happens to glucokinase if insulin is present?

A

increase

84
Q

what happens to phosphofructokinsae if insulin is present?

A

increase

85
Q

what happens to pyruvate kinase if insulin is present?

A

increase

86
Q

activators of PFK

A

AMP
Pi
F6P
F 2,6 BP

87
Q

activators of pyruvate kinase

A

F 1,6 BP

88
Q

inhibitors of glucokinase

A

G6P

89
Q

inhibitors of PFK

A 
citrate
FA
ATP
glucagon (cAMP)
high energy state
90
Q

inhibitors of pyruvate kinase

A

alanine
ATP
glucagon (cAMP)
epinephrine

91
Q

pyruvate + nitrogen =

A

alanine

92
Q

pyruvate through gluconeogenesis –>

A

glucose

93
Q

pyruvate post glycolysis/pre-kreb –>

A

acetyl coA

94
Q

pyruvate through transamination –>

A

L Alanine

95
Q

pyruvate through lactate dehydrogenase –>

A

lactate

96
Q

pyruvate enters the mitochondria, then is converted to ___ ___

A

acetyl coA

97
Q

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA by ___ ___

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (complex)

98
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase 3 enzymes

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

99
Q

active form of B1

A

TPP

100
Q

___ converts thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate

A

TPP

101
Q

____: cofactor for many aerobic runs –> justifies it as a dietary supplement

A

lipoate

102
Q

____: gets oxidized and is a derivative of vit B5

A

CoASH

103
Q

___: derived from riboflavin (vit B2) required for electron transfer

A

FAD

104
Q

___: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, derived from niacin (vit B3), carries hydrogen equivalent

A

NAD+

105
Q

5 pyruvate complex coenzymes

A 
TPP
lipoate
CoASH
FAD
NAD+
106
Q

post glycolysis/pre kreb

per glucose, __ NADH are generated worth ___ ATPs

A

2

6

107
Q

post glycolysis/pre kreb

acetyl coA and NADH + H+ are ____

A

ergogenic

108
Q

____ is a metabolic waste product, which can be excreted or used

A

CO2

109
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a ___ ___

A

regulatory enzyme

110
Q

activators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A 
CHO feeding
CoASH
NAD+
ADP
pyruvate
insulin
protein phosphatase activity
111
Q

inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A 
starvation
acetyl CoA
NADH
ATP
protein kinase
112
Q

_____: biosynthesis of glucose from non-carb precursors

A

gluconeogenesis

113
Q

gluconeogenesis is essential for the maintenance of ___ ___ at a normal level and prevent ____

A

blood glucose

hypoglycemia

114
Q

4 gluconeogenic enzymes

A

pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
Frucose 1,6 diphosphatase
glucose 6 phosphatase

115
Q

glycolysis

glucose –> G6P requires 1 of 2 enzymes

A

glucokinase

hexokinase

116
Q

glycolysis

F6P –> F-1,6-P enzyme

A

phosphofructokinase

117
Q

glycolysis

PEP –> Pyruvate enzyme

A

pyruvate kinase

118
Q

gluconeogenesis

G6P –> glucose enzyme

A

G6Phosphatase

119
Q

gluconeogenesis

F1,6P –> F6P enzyme

A

F`1,6-bisphosphatase

120
Q

gluconeogenesis

pyruvate –> OAA enzyme

A

pyruvate carboylase

121
Q

gluconeogenesis

OAA –> PEP enzyme

A

PEP carboxykinase

122
Q

____: biosynthesis of glycogen

A

glucogenesis

123
Q

glucogenosis

enzyme that isomerizes G6P –> G1P

A

phosphoglucomutase

124
Q

glycogenosis

ezyme that attacehs the glucose unit to an ezisting primer in alpha 1-4

A

glycogen synthase

125
Q

glycogenesis

  • enzyme that removes the ~6 glucose chain from growing glycogen polymer
  • attaches to a nearby glycogen in alpha 1-6
A

branching enzymes

126
Q

____: catabolism of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

127
Q

glycogenolysis

enzyme used to break the alpha 1-4 bonds of glucose in glycogen to form G1P

A

glycogen phosphorylase

128
Q

glycogenolysis
enzyme used when a lycogen branch has been reduced to 4 residues, it removes 3 and adds to an ezisting glycogen polymer branch in alpha 1-4 linkage

A

glucan transferase

129
Q

glycogenolysis

enzyme used to remove alpha 1-6 of last glucose residue from strump to release glucose

A

debranching enzyme

130
Q

regulated enzymes in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

glycogen synthase

glycogen phosphorylase

131
Q

when glycogen synthase is phosphorylated it is _____

A

inactive

132
Q

when glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated it is ____

A

active

133
Q

when glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated it is _____

A

active

134
Q

when glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated it is _____

A

inactive

135
Q

adrenaline/epinephrine will _____ glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

phosphorilates

136
Q

insuline will ____ glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

deposphorylates

137
Q

glycogen synthase is for ____

A

glycogenesis

138
Q

glycogen phosphorylase is for ____

A

glycogenolysis

139
Q

glycogen syntase and degradation flow through ____ ___ ___ which is in equilibrium with G6P

A

G1P

140
Q

glycogen synthase can act quickly and it is allosterically activated by ____

A

G6P

141
Q

highly branched structure of glycogen allows for rapid release of ___

A

glucose

142
Q

___ high energy bonds are consumed for each glycose stored in glycogen

A

2

143
Q

cAMP directed phosphorylation has reciprocal regulatory effects on glycogen synthase (____) and phosphorylase (____)

A

inhibition

activation

144
Q

pentose phsophate pathway is also known as __ ___ ___

A

hexose monophosphate shunt

145
Q

fxn of PPP

generate NADPH + H+ for _____

A

lipogenesis

146
Q

fxn of PPP

produse ribose 5 phosphate for ___ biosynthesis

A

nucelotide

147
Q

fxn PPP

alternate shunt for ____ ___

A

glucose metabolism

148
Q

fxn off PPP

metabolism of some ____

A

sugars

149
Q

PPP

glucose 6 phosphate + 2NADP+ + H20 –>

A

ribulose 5 phosphate
2 NADPH
2H+
CO2

150
Q

fxn of the uronic acid pathway

A

synthesis of UDP glucuronate

151
Q

glucuroate part of UDP glucuronate converts insoluble compounds to soluble ones for ____

A

excretion

152
Q

fructokinase pathway

fructose –> ____ –> 2 things

A

Fructose 1 phosphate

hydroxyacetone - P and D glyceraldehyde

153
Q

hexokinase pahtway

fructose –>

A

F6P

154
Q

activation of galactose to Gal 1 P by ____

A

galactokinase

155
Q

transfer of galactose from Gal 1 P to UDP glucose to form UDP Gal by ____ ___ ___ ___ ___

A

galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase

156
Q

epimerization of the galactose part of UDP gal to form ___ ___

A

UDP glu

157
Q

galactosemia is caused by a deficiency of …

A

gal 1 P uridyl transferase

158
Q

D glucose –> d sorbitol by ___ ___

A

aldose reductase

159
Q

D galactose –> D galactitol by __ ___

A

aldose reductase

160
Q

aldose reductase is found in 4 places

A

lens epithelium
seminal vesicles
kidney
peripheral n

161
Q

D sorbitol –> D fructose enzyme

A

sorbitol dehydrogenase

162
Q

sorbitol dehydrogenase found in 2 places

A

liver

seminal vesicles

163
Q

diabetes mellitus:

excessive ___ formed in the eyes cannot be metabolized

A

sorbitol

164
Q

diabetes mellitus:

it inhibits ____ for ATP synthesis and thus protein formation

A

glycolysis

165
Q

diabetes mellitus:

it creates high osmotic condition that disrupts protein fibers in the eyes leading to 2 things

A

diabetes cataracts

blindness

T2 - BioChem midterm 2 (4 decks)

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