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T2 - BioChem midterm 2 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2 other names for the kreb’s cycle

A

tricarboxylic acid

citric acid

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2
Q

functions of the kreb cycle

- metabolize __-___ for energy release

A

acetyl-CoA

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3
Q

acetyl CoA comes from aerobic catabolism of ____, ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

carbohydrates
fatty acids
amino acids (proteins)

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4
Q 
function of the krebs cycle
- \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ synthesis
A

amino acid

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5
Q

two intermediates of the kreb cycle can be ___ to form amino acids

A

transaminated

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6
Q

oxaloacetate –>

A

aspartate

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7
Q

alpha ketoglutarate –>

A

glutamate

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8
Q

aspartate and glutamate are ____ amino acid

A

non-essential amino acids

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9
Q

between oxaloacetate and citrate ___-___ is added to give off __C

A

acetyl coA

2

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10
Q

citrate and isocitrate step is a _____ step

A

regulatory

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11
Q

alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

- __C comes off as ___

A

1

CO2

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12
Q

succinyl coA to succinate

  • _C comes off as ___
  • CoA as a ___
A

1
CO2
tag

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13
Q

krebs cycle connects with the ___ cycle

A

urea

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14
Q

krebs connects to the urea cycle by the removal of ___

A

aspartate

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15
Q

krebs cycle is also involved in the ____ synthesis

A

heme

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16
Q

succinyl coA is used to synthesize ___ and therefore ____

A

heme

hemoproteins

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17
Q

to make heme, you not only need succininyl coA but also ___

A

glycine

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18
Q

what are the substrates of the krebs cycle (7)

A 
acetyl CoA
3 NAD
FAD
GDP
Pi
2 H20
1 CoA-SH
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19
Q

what are the products of the krebs cycle (5)

A 
2 CoA-SH
3 NADH
FADH2
GTP
2  CO2
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20
Q

in the krebs cycle, 2 C are ____ to CO2

A

oxidized

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21
Q

what molecule did the Cs come from

A

acetyl CoA

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22
Q

the energy from the reactions in the krebs cycle is stored in 3 things

A

GTP
NADH
FADH2

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23
Q

NADH and FADH2 are ____ that store energy and are utilized in ____ ____

A

coenzymes

oxidative phosphorilation

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24
Q

NADH and FADH2 are ___ of the krebs cycle

A

inhibits

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25
Q

NAD and FAD are ___ of the krebs cycle

A

stimulates

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26
Q

since 2 acetyl coA molecules are produced from each ____, so ___ cycles are required per glucose

A

glucose

2

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27
Q

at the end of 2 cycles, the products are ___ GTP, ___ NADH, ___ FADH2, and ___ CO2

A

2
6
2
4

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28
Q

3 determinations of a low energy state

A

ADP
NAD
FAD

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29
Q

3 determinations of a high energy state

A

ATP
NADH
FADH2

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30
Q

enzyme needed from OAA –> Citrate

A

citrate synthase

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31
Q

low energy state ___ kreb

A

stimulates

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32
Q

high energy state ___ kreb

A

inhibits

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33
Q

enzyme needed from isocitrate –> alpha ketogluterate

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

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34
Q

coenzyme of the isocitrate –> citrate reaction

A

NAD

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35
Q

alpha KG –> succinyl CoA enzyme

A

aKG dehydrogenase

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36
Q

coenzyme of alpha KG –> succinyl CoA

A

NAD

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37
Q

succinyl CoA –> succinate enzyme

A

succinate thiokinase

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38
Q

succinyl CoA –> succinate coenzyme

A

GDP + Pi

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39
Q

succinate –> fumarate enzyme

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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40
Q

succinate –> fumarate coenzyme

A

FAD

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41
Q

fumarate –> malate coenzyme

A

H2O

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42
Q

malate –> OAA enzyme

A

malate dehydrogenase

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43
Q

malate –> OAA coenzyme

A

NAD

44
Q

OAA –> citrate addition

A

acetyl CoA

45
Q

high energy state –> acetyl CoA doesnt go to the ____ ____

A

kreb cycle

46
Q

build up of OAA ___ the kreb cycle

A

stops

47
Q

activator of citrate synthase

A

high NAD

48
Q

inhibitor of citrate synthase

A

high ATP

49
Q

activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

high ADp

50
Q

inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase (2)

A

high ATP

high NADH

51
Q

activator of aKG dehydrogenase (3)

A

high ADP
CoASH
pyruvate

52
Q

inhibitor of aKG dehydrogenase (3)

A

high NADH
fatty acid
ketone bodies

53
Q

activator of succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase

A

Mg2+

54
Q

inhibitor of succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase

A

oxaloacetate

55
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase, aKG dehydrogenase, and succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase are all sensitive to ____

A

environment

56
Q

___ ____ activate the dehydrogenases of the krebs cycle

A

divalent cations
Ca2+
Mg+

57
Q

krebs second step is the ___ ___

A

carbohydrate catabolism

58
Q

glycolysis breaks down glucose into __ pyruvates

A

2

59
Q

pyruvate moves into the ___. it is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the cycle

A

mitochondria

60
Q

____ ___: proteins are broken down by ____ into their constituent amino acids

A

protein catabolism

proteases

61
Q

amino acids made by protein catabolism are brought into cells and can be funnelled into the ____ ___

A

krebs cycle

62
Q

___ ___: triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol

A

fat catabolism

63
Q

glycerol is converted into glucose in the liver by way of ____

A

gluconeogenesis

64
Q

fatty acids are broken down through a process known as ___ ___ which results in acetyl CoA which can be used in the krebs cycle

A

beta oxidation

65
Q

citric acid cycle is _____

A

amphibolic

66
Q

amphibolic has both a ____ portion and ___ portion

A

catabolic

anabolic

67
Q

oxidative phosphorilation is the terminal process of ___ ___ … via the ____

A

cellular respiration

ETC

68
Q

electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to molecular ____

A

oxygen

69
Q

molecular oxygen oxidizes NADH and FADH2 and the energy released is used for phosphorilation of ___ to ___

A

ADP to ATP

70
Q

phosphorilation extracts the energy from NADH and FADH2, recreating ___ and ___

A

NAD and FAD

71
Q

electron from NADH gets transferred to ___ ___ in complex __

A

NADH-Q reductase

1

72
Q

hydrogen in the ETC gets pumped through the inner membrane to the ___ ___ from the ___

A

intermembranous space

matrix

73
Q

NADH-Q reductase transfers its electron to ___ ___

A

coenzyme Q

74
Q

coenzyme Q transfers its electron to ___ ___

A

cytochrome reductase

75
Q

cytochrome reductase transfers its electron to ___ ___

A

cytochrome oxidase

76
Q

molecular oxygen is the last ___ ___

A

electron acceptor

77
Q

with 1 NADH ___ hydrogens gets pumped through the ETC

A

3

78
Q

with 1 FADH2 __ hydrogens get pumped through

A

2

79
Q

cytochrome reductase is complex ___

A

3

80
Q

cytochrome oxidase is complex ___

A

4

81
Q

proton motive force drives hydrogens to ___ ___

A

ATP synthase

82
Q

from 1 glucose you get __ krebs

A

2

83
Q

1 NADH you get ___ ATPs

A

3

84
Q

1 FADH2 you get __ ATPs

A

2

85
Q

ETC members are embedded in the __ ____ membrane of mitochondria, and are arranged for sequential coupled ____

A

inner mitochondrial

oxidoreductions

86
Q

___ ___: using O2 to oxidize NADH and FADH2 to release energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATp

A

oxidative phosphorilation

87
Q

NADH and FADH2 are the ___ ___ for reducing O2 to H20

A

reducing equivalents

88
Q

NADH is the primary ___ ___

A

electron donor

89
Q

complexes I, III, IV are ___ ___

A

proton pumps

90
Q

Q and cytochrome c are __ ___ ___

A

mobile electron carriers

91
Q

the electron acceptor is ___ ___

A

molecular oxygen

92
Q

ATP is generated from ADP + Pi by ___ ___

A

ATP synthase

93
Q

what converts NADH –> NAD+ + H+ + 2e- in complex I?

A

NADH dependent dehydrogenase

94
Q

___: isoprenoid lipid that accepts or donates reducing equivalent in oxidoreduction

A

Q
CoQ
Q10
ubiquinone

95
Q

what converts FADH2 –> FAD + 2H+ + 2e- in complex III?

A

FADH2 dependent dehydrogenase

96
Q

step 1 of the chemiosmotic theory

  • oxidation of NADH + H+ by complex 1 –> __ ATPS
  • oxidation of FADH2 by complex 3 –> __ ATPS
A

3

2

97
Q

step 2 of the chemiosmotic theory

- electrons released from hydrogen –> flow through ____ ___ ___

A

electron transport chain

98
Q

step 3 of the chemiosmotic theory

- the flow of hydrogen creates a proton gradient by pumping H+ from the ___ to the __ ___ space

A

matrix

inner membrane

99
Q

step 4 of the chemiosmotic theory

the electrical potential difference creates the ___ ____ ___

A

proton motive force

100
Q

step 5 of the chemiosmotic theory

- the proton motive force drives the ___ ___ that makes ATP from ADP + Pi

A

ATP synthase

101
Q

___ ___: bind to members of the ETC and prevent the flow of electrons

A

ETC blockers

102
Q

___ ____ ____: block transfer of H from NADH to ETC

A

NADH debhydrogenase blockers

103
Q

examples of ETC blockers

A

H2S
CO
CN - on cytochrome a3
Azide

104
Q

examples of NADH dehydrogenase

A

barbiturates
rotenone
Amytal

105
Q

___ ___ ___: block conversion of ADP + Pi to ATP

A

ATP synthase inhibitors

106
Q

examples of ATP synthase inhibitors

A

oligomycin

dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

107
Q

___ ___ ___: break the membrane and disrupt the chain, and prevent formation of ATP ionophores

A

mitochondrial membrane disruption

T2 - BioChem midterm 2 (4 decks)

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