Unit 7 Flashcards
1
Q
2 other names for the kreb’s cycle
A
tricarboxylic acid
citric acid
2
Q
functions of the kreb cycle
- metabolize __-___ for energy release
A
acetyl-CoA
3
Q
acetyl CoA comes from aerobic catabolism of ____, ___ ___ and ___ ___
A
carbohydrates
fatty acids
amino acids (proteins)
4
Q
function of the krebs cycle - \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ synthesis
A
amino acid
5
Q
two intermediates of the kreb cycle can be ___ to form amino acids
A
transaminated
6
Q
oxaloacetate –>
A
aspartate
7
Q
alpha ketoglutarate –>
A
glutamate
8
Q
aspartate and glutamate are ____ amino acid
A
non-essential amino acids
9
Q
between oxaloacetate and citrate ___-___ is added to give off __C
A
acetyl coA
2
10
Q
citrate and isocitrate step is a _____ step
A
regulatory
11
Q
alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
- __C comes off as ___
A
1
CO2
12
Q
succinyl coA to succinate
- _C comes off as ___
- CoA as a ___
A
1
CO2
tag
13
Q
krebs cycle connects with the ___ cycle
A
urea
14
Q
krebs connects to the urea cycle by the removal of ___
A
aspartate
15
Q
krebs cycle is also involved in the ____ synthesis
A
heme
16
Q
succinyl coA is used to synthesize ___ and therefore ____
A
heme
hemoproteins
17
Q
to make heme, you not only need succininyl coA but also ___
A
glycine
18
Q
what are the substrates of the krebs cycle (7)
A
acetyl CoA 3 NAD FAD GDP Pi 2 H20 1 CoA-SH
19
Q
what are the products of the krebs cycle (5)
A
2 CoA-SH 3 NADH FADH2 GTP 2 CO2
20
Q
in the krebs cycle, 2 C are ____ to CO2
A
oxidized
21
Q
what molecule did the Cs come from
A
acetyl CoA
22
Q
the energy from the reactions in the krebs cycle is stored in 3 things
A
GTP
NADH
FADH2
23
Q
NADH and FADH2 are ____ that store energy and are utilized in ____ ____
A
coenzymes
oxidative phosphorilation
24
Q
NADH and FADH2 are ___ of the krebs cycle
A
inhibits
25
NAD and FAD are ___ of the krebs cycle
stimulates
26
since 2 acetyl coA molecules are produced from each ____, so ___ cycles are required per glucose
glucose
| 2
27
at the end of 2 cycles, the products are ___ GTP, ___ NADH, ___ FADH2, and ___ CO2
2
6
2
4
28
3 determinations of a low energy state
ADP
NAD
FAD
29
3 determinations of a high energy state
ATP
NADH
FADH2
30
enzyme needed from OAA --> Citrate
citrate synthase
31
low energy state ___ kreb
stimulates
32
high energy state ___ kreb
inhibits
33
enzyme needed from isocitrate --> alpha ketogluterate
isocitrate dehydrogenase
34
coenzyme of the isocitrate --> citrate reaction
NAD
35
alpha KG --> succinyl CoA enzyme
aKG dehydrogenase
36
coenzyme of alpha KG --> succinyl CoA
NAD
37
succinyl CoA --> succinate enzyme
succinate thiokinase
38
succinyl CoA --> succinate coenzyme
GDP + Pi
39
succinate --> fumarate enzyme
succinate dehydrogenase
40
succinate --> fumarate coenzyme
FAD
41
fumarate --> malate coenzyme
H2O
42
malate --> OAA enzyme
malate dehydrogenase
43
malate --> OAA coenzyme
NAD
44
OAA --> citrate addition
acetyl CoA
45
high energy state --> acetyl CoA doesnt go to the ____ ____
kreb cycle
46
build up of OAA ___ the kreb cycle
stops
47
activator of citrate synthase
high NAD
48
inhibitor of citrate synthase
high ATP
49
activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase
high ADp
50
inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase (2)
high ATP
| high NADH
51
activator of aKG dehydrogenase (3)
high ADP
CoASH
pyruvate
52
inhibitor of aKG dehydrogenase (3)
high NADH
fatty acid
ketone bodies
53
activator of succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase
Mg2+
54
inhibitor of succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate
55
isocitrate dehydrogenase, aKG dehydrogenase, and succinate thiokinase/dehydrogenase are all sensitive to ____
environment
56
___ ____ activate the dehydrogenases of the krebs cycle
divalent cations
Ca2+
Mg+
57
krebs second step is the ___ ___
carbohydrate catabolism
58
glycolysis breaks down glucose into __ pyruvates
2
59
pyruvate moves into the ___. it is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the cycle
mitochondria
60
____ ___: proteins are broken down by ____ into their constituent amino acids
protein catabolism
| proteases
61
amino acids made by protein catabolism are brought into cells and can be funnelled into the ____ ___
krebs cycle
62
___ ___: triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol
fat catabolism
63
glycerol is converted into glucose in the liver by way of ____
gluconeogenesis
64
fatty acids are broken down through a process known as ___ ___ which results in acetyl CoA which can be used in the krebs cycle
beta oxidation
65
citric acid cycle is _____
amphibolic
66
amphibolic has both a ____ portion and ___ portion
catabolic
| anabolic
67
oxidative phosphorilation is the terminal process of ___ ___ ... via the ____
cellular respiration
| ETC
68
electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to molecular ____
oxygen
69
molecular oxygen oxidizes NADH and FADH2 and the energy released is used for phosphorilation of ___ to ___
ADP to ATP
70
phosphorilation extracts the energy from NADH and FADH2, recreating ___ and ___
NAD and FAD
71
electron from NADH gets transferred to ___ ___ in complex __
NADH-Q reductase
| 1
72
hydrogen in the ETC gets pumped through the inner membrane to the ___ ___ from the ___
intermembranous space
| matrix
73
NADH-Q reductase transfers its electron to ___ ___
coenzyme Q
74
coenzyme Q transfers its electron to ___ ___
cytochrome reductase
75
cytochrome reductase transfers its electron to ___ ___
cytochrome oxidase
76
molecular oxygen is the last ___ ___
electron acceptor
77
with 1 NADH ___ hydrogens gets pumped through the ETC
3
78
with 1 FADH2 __ hydrogens get pumped through
2
79
cytochrome reductase is complex ___
3
80
cytochrome oxidase is complex ___
4
81
proton motive force drives hydrogens to ___ ___
ATP synthase
82
from 1 glucose you get __ krebs
2
83
1 NADH you get ___ ATPs
3
84
1 FADH2 you get __ ATPs
2
85
ETC members are embedded in the __ ____ membrane of mitochondria, and are arranged for sequential coupled ____
inner mitochondrial
| oxidoreductions
86
___ ___: using O2 to oxidize NADH and FADH2 to release energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATp
oxidative phosphorilation
87
NADH and FADH2 are the ___ ___ for reducing O2 to H20
reducing equivalents
88
NADH is the primary ___ ___
electron donor
89
complexes I, III, IV are ___ ___
proton pumps
90
Q and cytochrome c are __ ___ ___
mobile electron carriers
91
the electron acceptor is ___ ___
molecular oxygen
92
ATP is generated from ADP + Pi by ___ ___
ATP synthase
93
what converts NADH --> NAD+ + H+ + 2e- in complex I?
NADH dependent dehydrogenase
94
___: isoprenoid lipid that accepts or donates reducing equivalent in oxidoreduction
Q
CoQ
Q10
ubiquinone
95
what converts FADH2 --> FAD + 2H+ + 2e- in complex III?
FADH2 dependent dehydrogenase
96
step 1 of the chemiosmotic theory
- oxidation of NADH + H+ by complex 1 --> __ ATPS
- oxidation of FADH2 by complex 3 --> __ ATPS
3
| 2
97
step 2 of the chemiosmotic theory
| - electrons released from hydrogen --> flow through ____ ___ ___
electron transport chain
98
step 3 of the chemiosmotic theory
| - the flow of hydrogen creates a proton gradient by pumping H+ from the ___ to the __ ___ space
matrix
| inner membrane
99
step 4 of the chemiosmotic theory
| the electrical potential difference creates the ___ ____ ___
proton motive force
100
step 5 of the chemiosmotic theory
| - the proton motive force drives the ___ ___ that makes ATP from ADP + Pi
ATP synthase
101
___ ___: bind to members of the ETC and prevent the flow of electrons
ETC blockers
102
___ ____ ____: block transfer of H from NADH to ETC
NADH debhydrogenase blockers
103
examples of ETC blockers
H2S
CO
CN - on cytochrome a3
Azide
104
examples of NADH dehydrogenase
barbiturates
rotenone
Amytal
105
___ ___ ___: block conversion of ADP + Pi to ATP
ATP synthase inhibitors
106
examples of ATP synthase inhibitors
oligomycin
| dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
107
___ ___ ___: break the membrane and disrupt the chain, and prevent formation of ATP ionophores
mitochondrial membrane disruption
