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Chem 211 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Acids and bases modern inorganic definition

A

Bronsted-Lowry

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2
Q

Acid

A

Any substance that can donate a H + ( proton)

HCl+H2O=H3O+ + Cl-
A. B. a. B

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3
Q

Autoionization

A

Acid in water automatically forms ions

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4
Q

Base

A

A substance that can accept a H + (proton)

NH3+HOH=NH4+ + OH-
B. a. A. B

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5
Q

Hydronium ion

A

Acid

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6
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

Base

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7
Q

Characteristics of acids

A 
Sour
Litmus red
Colorless in phenolphthalein 
Neutralize bases-forms h2o and salt
Corrosive-destroys metals liberates hydrogen gas ( oxidation)
Produces H3O+ in water
Formula starts with H
Dilution of acids exothermic
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8
Q

Characteristics of bases

A 
Bitter taste
Litmus blue
Pink in phenolphthalein
Neutralize acids-forms salt and h20
Caustic-skin irritant, destroys epidermis cells
Produces OH- in water 
Formula ends with -OH
Dilution of bases is exothermic
Hydrophilic-absorbs water from air
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9
Q

Strong Acids-HCl

A

Hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Strong Acids-HBr

A

Hydrobromic acid

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11
Q

Strong Acids-HI

A

Hydroiodic acid

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12
Q

Strong Acids-HNO3

A

Nitric acid

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13
Q

Strong Acids-HClO4

A

Perchloric acid

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14
Q

Strong Acids-H2SO4

A

Sulfuric acid, 2protons=2 hydronium ions per molecule

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15
Q

Strong Acids-HClO3

A

Chloric acid

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16
Q

Strong acid definition

A

Ability of an acid to ionize 100% in water and produce 100% hydronium ions (H3O+)

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17
Q

Strong bases definition

A

Ability of the base to dissociate 100% in water to produce 100% hydroxide ions (OH-)

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18
Q

Strong bases to memorize

A

All group one metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH)

Only 3 group II hydroxides (Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2

19
Q

Reaction of acids-Ionization

HNO3+H20=H3O+ + NO3-
Nitric acid. Nitrate

A

Acid donates a proton to the water forming hydronium Ion and nitrate ion

20
Q

Reaction of acids-Single replacement

Mg+2HBr=H2 + MgBr2

A

Metal replaces hydrogen in the acid forming hydrogen gas and salt. “Liberating”

21
Q

Reactions of acids-neutralization

H2SO4 + 2NaOH=Na2SO4 + H2O
Sulfuric acid. Sodium hydroxide

A

Acid and base react to always form water (neutral) and salt

22
Q

Neutralization reaction of HI + KOH

23
Q

In a neutralization reaction, moles of H3O+ always _____ moles of OH-

24
Q

Dissociation of strong bases

LiOH + H2O

A

Break up

Li+ + OH- + H2O

25
Q

Ionization of weak bases

NH3 + H2O

A

Form new ions

NH4+ + OH-
Ammonium hydroxide

26
Q

Amphiprotic substance

A

Can behave as a Bronsted acid (proton H+ loss) or a Bronsted base (gain protons H+). Water and ammonia are amphiprotic substances.

27
Q

Conjugate acid-base pairs

NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH-

A

Acid-base pair that are related through loss or gain of 1 proton H+.

NH3 and NH4+ above are related and called a conjugate acid-base pair, as are H2O and OH-

28
Q

General term “salts”

A

Any inorganic substance that does not fit the definition of an acid or a base is a salt.
Or does not start with H and end with OH-

29
Q

How to identify salts

A

Ionic salts dissociate in water and conduct electricity

Dilution of salts tends to be endothermic

30
Q

Rules for naming binary acids (only 2 elements H + nonmetal)

A

Name begins with hydro (no O)
2nd part is nonmetal
-change ending to ic and add acid
Ex: HCl hydro-chloric-acid

31
Q

Rules for naming oxyacids: H, nonmetal, and O

A

Polyatomic ions-

  • If ends in ate, change to ic
  • If ends in ite, change to ous
  • If it has one more O than ate ion add per with ic
  • if it has one less O than ite, use hypo

H2SO4 sulfate= sulfuric acid
HClO4 perchlorate= perchloric acid
HClO hypochlorite= hypochlorus acid

32
Q

Polyprotic acids

A

Have more than one ionizable hydrogen (proton)
HCl Hydrochloric acid=1 monoprotic
Sulfuric acid is diprotic. H2SO4 has 2
Phosphoric acid is triprotic H3PO4 has 3

33
Q

Molarity

A

One mole of solute per liter of solution or mol/L

34
Q

M1xV1=M2xV2

A

M1=most concentrated molarity
V1=the volume of the most concentrated species
M2= The dilute concentration
V2=total volume. Includes V1 and water needed for dilution

35
Q

To find the volume of water needed in a dilution, simply ______ V1 from V2

36
Q

V2=

A

V1 plus water added

37
Q

Endpoint, equivalence, faint pink

A

In titration when neutralization is complete

38
Q

MaxVa=MbxVb

MAVA

A

Ma=molarity of the hydronium from the acid
Va=volume of the acid used via the buret
Mb=molarity of hydroxide from base
Vb=volume of base used via the buret

39
Q

H3O1+[OH1-]=1x10^-14M2

A

Kw or constant for water

So OH=1x10^-14/H3O

40
Q

pH scale 0-14, equation

A

0-7 acid
7 neutral
7-14 base (alkaline)
pH=-log[H3O1+]

41
Q

Kw or constant for water

A

H3O+ + OH-= 2 H2O and vice versa

42
Q

H3O+(OH-)=

A

1x10^-14 M^2

43
Q

7 strong acids

A 
HCl Hydrochloric 
HBr hydrobromic
HI hydroiodic
HClO3 chloric
HClO4 perchloric
HNO3 nitric
H2SO4 sulfuric

Chem 211 (13 decks)

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