Unit 8 Flashcards
Why did the medieval ages become god-obsessed?
The religious people came and said god was punishing them for not following the rules, and believing in Heaven gave the people a reason to live
What are the two books written by St. Augustine?
Confessions and City of God
What did St. A write about in Confessions?
Women are sin and devotion to God
What did St. A write about in City of God
Submission to God and laws of God over laws of man
What papers(?) was Pope Leo I involved in?
Petrine Doctrine and Decree of Papal Power
What did the Petrine Doctrine talk about?
The sack of Rome and Jesus->Peter->Bishop of Rome->Pope Leo I (named himself bishop
What did the Decree of Papal Power talk about?
Pope= the head of the church
What did Pope Gregory I do to get more money and what does he do with the money?
No more tribute($) to the eastern Roman emperor in Constantinople
Spends the money to build monasteries (place for men to pray to God) (from St. A’s theology)
What is “the Rule” and who is St. Benedict?
Created by St. Benedict, “the Rule” says to copy any book you can
What good does copying the books do?
It saved a lot of writings that would have been lost, saving western culture
What two significant events happen in 529 AD?
Monte Cassino (monastery) opens and Plato’s school (the Academy) closes
Who is Clovis?
First great Merovingian, names himself King of the Franks
Who are the “do-nothing kings”
Clovis’s airs
What is the Mayor of the Palace?
Does all of the kings’ jobs
Who is Pepin of Herstal and what did he do?
The first great mayor of the palace because he makes the office hereditary
Who is Charles “the hammer/da hamma” Martel? And where did his nickname come from?
Pepin’s son, called the hammer because he fought in the Battle of Tours
What is the Battle of Tours? Who won? What does the win do?
Fought between the Franks and the Moors (spanish muslims)- Charles (Franks) win and save Christianity
Who is Pepin the Short? What two things did he accomplish?
Charles Martel’s son
1) kicked out Merovingians and names himself king
2) saves Pope Zacharias
How did Pope Zacharias repay Pepin the Short for saving his life?
Blessed him and officially names him king
Who is Pope Zacharias?1
The last pope of Byzantine papacy-> Zach vs Lombards
What is the donation of Pepin?
To repay pope Zach for giving him title, king of the franks, he gives the pope papacy control of Lombardy which makes the pope officially in charge of Italy
What are the three reasons Charlemagne in the greatest?
He provides education, protection, and secular authority
How did Charlemagne provide education?
Carolingian Renaissance:
C opened cathedral schools and used the copied books from the monasteries in the schools
How did Charlemagne provide protection?
Missi Dominici:
A pair of men picked by C represent C in different places which kept C in touch with his empire
How did Charlemagne create secular authority?
C saved Pope Leo III from Leo’s enemies in Rome
What contradicts Charlemagne’s plan of secular authority?
Pope Leo III named C, “Holy Roman Emperor” givng Leo the power by Jesus to take away C’s title anytime he pleases
What is feudalism?
Exchange of service for land/ money
Vikings
Attack anywhere
What is Armored Calvary and what is the problem with it?
Military force, protects against the vikings
Problem= ride horseback and wear armour (both very expensive)
Feudal Pyramid
Taxes paid by (amount you pay is based on ranking) (lord, vassal chart)
What is a lord?
Master of land
What is a vassal?
Person granted land in return for money and service
What is a manor?
House lived in on Fief
What is Fief?
Land given by lord
What is an act of homage?
Submitting loyalty to your lord
What is the Oath of Fealty?
Swearing allegiance-> “I will give you whatever you require”
What is the Concordat of Worms?
Pope and Emperor invest together
What does invest mean?
Give religious position in the church to a clergy = $ (donating to church every Sunday)
What is the Investiture Controversy in 1075?
Who invests? The church or the emperor?
In the Investiture Controversy, what did HRE Henry IV do to upset Pope Gregory VII? What did Pope G do about it? What did Henry do after he was punished?
Henry invested someone without permission of the church, so Pope G excommunicated him (damned him to hell and kicked him out of the church). Then Henry went to beg for forgiveness from Pope G, so Pope G had to forgive him (because Jesus), and Henry immediately got his army together to arrest Pope G before Pope G could excommunicate him again.
What is Corpus Juris Civilias (1075)? What was the problem with it?
HRE Henry IV brought back the Roman laws, but Roman laws were before Christianity
Who is Ethelred the Unready? What happened to him?
A very bad king of England, he loses his throne
Who is Canute? What happened when he died?
A viking, good King of England(took throne after Ethelred the Unready) when he dies, there is a fight for his throne
Who is Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)? What was bad about him?
King of England after Canute, but he had no children!!
Who are the contenders to take the throne after Edward the Confessor? And why are they contenders?
Harald Hardrada (viking)- related to Canute William of Normandy (french)- distantly related to Edward Harold Godwinson (witan/noble)- named King by Edward on his deathbed (maybe)
Who fought in the Battle of Stamford? Why? Who won?
Harald Hardrada attacked Harold Godwinson because Godwinson became King of England when Hardrada wanted the throne. Godwinson won!
Who fought in the Battle of Hastings? Why? Who wins?
William of Normany attacked Harold Godwinson because Godwinson became King of England, but William wanted the throne (1066!)
What did William of Normandy change his name to after winning the Battle of Hastings?
William the Conquerer
What does William of Normandy do while he is King of England?
He brings feudalism to England
Who was Henry II?
King of England
Who was Thomas Becket?
The Archbishop of Canterbury ($$$$$$)
What is the Assize of Clarendon?
Trial by jury- king rules over church, laws of man over laws of god
Who was John I?
King, loser
Who was Philip Augustus?
French king who messes with John I because John is a loser
What is the Battle of Bouvines? Who wins?
John I attacks Philip Augustus for taking land, but John loses because John’s a loser
What is the Magna Carta? What year was it made?
“Constitution” kinda thing instituting a constitutional monarchy, 1215!!!
Who is forced to sign the magna carta? By who? Why?
John I is forced to sign the Magna Carta by the English nobles who are so angry and John for losing the land to Philip Augustus
What is a constitutional monarchy?
Where everyone is below the law, even the king
What are flagellants?
Would beat themselves (during black death period) because they thought God wanted suffering and pain
What are pogroms?
Massacres of Jews (u know cuz they are the reason behind everything bad in the world)
How much of Europe’s population died during the black death?
1/4 to 1/3 of the population died
How did the Black Death actually do Europe good in the end?
Fewer people, more resources, break of feudalism
How did Europe survive the black death compared to Roman Empire not surviving?
Europe has many nations, only one Roman Empire
Does art reflect culture?
Ya boi
How do you identify Romanesque architecture?
Barrel vaulting (arches), no windows
How do you identify Early Gothic architecture?
Flying buttress (external support allowing for thinner interior walls and add windows) and ribbed vaulting (criss cross arch ceilings)
How do you identify High Gothic architecture?
Stained glass windows!!!
How do you identify Late Gothic architecture?
Webbed vaulting (seashell lookin ahhhh) and death/suffering imagery (bc of the black plague)
How did St. Augustine’s ideas lead to the rise of Pope Leo I?
St. A says everything is sin, life is sin, women are sin, we should only focus on God and the church- Leo says if the church is the most important, who is in charge of the church? me!
How did Pope Gregory’s actions lead to the closing of Plato’s academy?
Pope G built monasteries, etc, etc, Plato’s academy closes bc Roman culture was ending and the Monte Cassino took its place
