Unit 8 : 1945 - 1980 Flashcards
What is a Cold War?
- conflict between two belligerents I which neither engages in open warfare with the other
- focus on creating fear
How did US and Soviet tensions begin? What was a similarity between the US and Soviet ideals?
- since Russian Revolution in 1917, the US was against Soviet Union Communism
- mutual distrust
– Stalin did not follow agreements
– created satellite nations as buffer states
– US saw it as a violation to agreements - both Soviet Communism and US Democracy were expansionist ideologies
What did the US want? What was the Truman Doctrine? What was the Marshall Plan?
- US efforts focused on containment
TRUMAN DOCTRINE: - advocated containment of communism by lending support to any country at risk by Soviet pressure
- US gave 400 million to fend off Soviets
MARSHALL PLAN: - allocated 13 billion in financial aid to European countries to rebuild
What was the Berlin Airlift?
- US in good relations with Berlin that was located within Soviet Union
- Stalin blocked entry to Berlin
BERLIN AIRLIFT: - included 200,000 flights in US and allied airplanes to carry supplies into West Berlin
- prevented Soviets from taking over the city
What was NATO? How did the Soviets respond to the creation of NATO?
- another illustration of the US commitment to containment was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- Soviets created counter alliance through the WARSAW PACT
What was the role of weapon/nuclear power in the Cold War? What did it lead into?
- another key feature of the war
- nuclear proliferation
ARMS RACE: - Soviets managed to create Atomic Bomb of their own
- Truman ordered creation of the even more powerful Hydrogen Bombs
Proxy Wars:
- Korean War
– divided in half by Japan
– Soviets got North, US got South
– 1950 North invades South
What was the Red Scare? When did it occur (happened twice)?
RED SCARE:
- red refers to Soviet Communism
- fear of the spread and influence as people were worried they will get accused of supporting communism
- 2nd Red Scare during this period after WWII
– 1st was for WWI
What did the efforts of keeping Communism away from US, and the fear from Red Scare lead to within the US? What specific actions were taken by the government?
- initial efforts at keeping Communism away was through labor unions and fed gov.
- required people to pledge loyalty to the US and swear they weren’t communist
TAFT HARTLEY ACT OF 1947:
- passed in response to massive waves of labor union strikes
– made it difficult to strike
FED. EMPLOYEE LOYALTY AND SECURITY PROGRAM:
- executive order passed from Truman in same year
- fed. employees had to swear they weren’t communist/fascist
- made provisions for fed. investigations into political affiliations of fed workers
UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC):
- began searching for communist influence in every crack of American society
- focus on Hollywood, concerned about film industry
Who were the Hollywood 10? How did McCarthyism come up? What was the Rosenburg Case?
HOLLYWOOD 10:
- 10 Hollywood directors were singled out as communist and were summoned to testify in Congress about their “obvious” communism
- they refused to go
- given short prison sentences and spot on Hollywood blacklist
– could not find work in the industry again
MCCARTHYISM:
- Senator Joseph McCarthy gave speech in 1950
- claimed to have names of 205 known communists that had infiltrated the state department
- became well known
- made everyone think America was crawling with Communists
- LATER claimed real number was 57, but damage had already been done
- RED SCARE was now referred to as MCCARTHYISM
- McCarthy never made the names public so the Senate gave McCarthy the chance to prove his claims
– he was unable to
– Senate voted to censure him
ROSENBURG CASE:
- in August 1949, Soviet Union tested first Atomic Bomb
- Americans believed Soviet couldn’t have done it without stealing scientific info from US
- Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were accused of being involved in the espionage (since they were already supported Communist party
- US gov executed them in electric chair in 1953
- research proved that Julias, not Ethel, was a Soviet spy
How was the economy after WWII? What was the Interstate Highway System? What was the GI bill? What were the results of these?
- increased productivity as a result of the war
- massive fed. spending on infrastructure
INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM OF 1956: - fast moving highways to travel between suburbs and cities
- mass migration to sun belt states
- most GI families looking for opportunities in defense industries
GI BILL (SERVICEMEN’S READJUSTMENT ACT): - gave veterans opportunity to go to college and take low interests loans to buy houses and start businesses
What happened to the political powers after WWII?
- political powers shifted to South as economy shifted South for defense in Cold War / Arms Race
What was the Baby Boom? What was the consequences? What was a Levittown?
- men returning from war
- nation is more prosperous so people could plan and afford to support growing a family
- increased demand for housing and construction in suburbs
- white middle class phenomenon
– left behind minorities and impoverish
LEVITTOWN: - large tracts of land with mass produced, low cost homes organized in identical lots
- became more popular with the Interstate Highway System
What was mass culture after 1945? What were the reasons?
- widespread homogenous set of ideas and patterns of behavior
- as McCarthyism spread, there was pressure to be a predictable kind of American
– didn’t want to look suspicious
What creations helped with the spread of mass culture? Why was there retaliation by some people?
TELEVISION:
- by 1950’s, everyone had one
- consumption of mass culture
– common language and shared values
ADVERTISING INDUSTRY:
- exploited peoples need for belonging and status and offered their products as answers to their desires
CREDIT CARDS:
- people could by more than they could afford it and pay over time
ROCK N’ ROLL:
- both black and white populations (ELVIST PRESLEY, CHUCK BERRY)
- people rebelled against the monotonocity and “ideal” that was expected by society
What was the Executive Order 9981? What did politicians fear about this whole situation?
President Truman:
- banned segregation in 1948
- didn’t enforce it until 1950
- politicians feared that if they went too far into supporting Civil Rights, they would lose the support the Southern members of democratic party
What was the Committee on Civil Rights? What was the 24th Amendment?
COMMITTEE ON CIVIL RIGHTS:
- 1946
- recommended:
– the desegregation of the armed forces
– abolishment of poll taxes
– encouragement of fed. protection from lynching
24th AMENDMENT:
- abolished poll taxes
What was the Brown v. Board of Education? How did the South manage to get around the changes?
BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION:
- Oliver Brown’s daughter had to attend school over a mile away instead of white school just around the corner
- Supreme Court decision:
– segregation in schools violated the 14th amendment
– Plessy v. Ferguson overturned unanimously
Southern Response:
- states resisted
- SOUTHERN MANIFESTO:
– supreme court was “abusing power”
– shut schools down instead of integrating mixed education
ARKANSAS GOV. ORVILLE FABUS:
- sent national guard to stop the LITTLE 9 ROCK
- President Eisenhower sent troops to protect these 9 students
What was the Soviet Union and America’s goal as world powers?
- as decolonization and self gov. was spreading, many nations needed aid to find stability
- US and Soviet Union took advantage of this to place influence and intervene for their own interests
What was the situation in Guatemala during the Cold War? What about Cuba?
GUATEMALA 1954:
- US led coup to overthrow socialist gov. that was encroaching on US business interests
– elected leader was going to nationalize land not being cultivated to distributed to impoverished Guatemalans
– even offered to buy the US land being used for Banana Company
- got overthrown with help from US and replaced with military dictatorship
CUBA 1959:
- Fidel Castro overthrew dictatorship that was under control of US
- “worse” in the perspective of the US was that Castro was a communist
- Eisenhower started the training and JFK completed the overthrow of Fidel Castro
What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion? What was the Cuban Missile Crises?
BAY OF PIGS INVASION:
- was a failure
- further alienation of US from Cuba
CUBAN MISSILE CRISES 1963:
- US intelligence agencies discovered Soviet style nuclear weapons
- US had done same in Turkey
- Soviets did not react and crises ended
What was the situation of Middle East like, in terms of Iran, during Cold War?
IRAN 1953:
- CIA made plan to overthrow democratically elected prime minister in order to return the Shah
- Irans prime minister had sought to nationalize Irans OIL INDUSTRY, so that it could take a firmer grasp of control of itself from foreign powers
- US and other nations had become dependent on the Irans oil industry
- Shah was friendly with US and accepted munitions as trade for oil
What was the situation in Asia, specifically Vietnam, during Cold War? What was the Domino Theory? What did Eisenhower warn about?
- Vietnam was decolonized after fighting off Japanese and French
- divided along the 17th parallel:
– NORTH: Communism through HO CHI MINH
– SOUTH: Democratic - situation similar to Korean Conflict
DOMINO THEORY:
- by Eisenhower
- justification for billions sent to South Vietnam
- if a single nation were to fall for Communism, the rest of the nations around it will also fall like a domino effect
- therefore, the US had to make sure to keep that first domino tile up (South Vietnam)
EISENHOWER:
- warned against the proliferation of the military industrial complex
- dangerous because it would be tempting to start making policy decisions about military intervention based on material interest of those produced weaponry
- those nation could take and switch military sides based on material desires, so it wouldn’t be a stable relation
What was JFK’s position regarding South Vietnam?
JFK:
- agreed with DOMINO THEORY
- sent “military advisers” to “support” the Southern Vietnam gov.
– sent 16,000 people
- 1963: JFK got assassinated
Who took JFK’s place and what did they do about the war in Vietnam? What was their justification?
LYNDON B. JOHNSON:
- LBJ became president after JFK was assassinated
GULF OF TOKIN INCIDENT:
- North Vietnamese fired on US battleship
- LBJ used it as justification for US military involvement
GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION:
- gave president a blank check to exercise whatever powers were needed to protect American interests
– NOT a declaration of war
- Congress gave permission
– some military engagement and executive branch had abused its power
What was happening by 1965 in Vietnam? Why was the public back home so stubbornly against the war?
By 1965:
- 200,000 American troops were fighting in Vietnam (2 years later these numbers would double)
- Americans were dying for a cause that was vague to them
- war was opposed to and debated at home
– first televised war, so false info by gov was obviously exposed
– CREDIBLITY GAP
What was the Tet Offensive?
TET OFFENSIVE:
- mass surpise attack by North that had heavy casualties on US
- US counterattacked even heavier on North and Viet Cong
- afterward, LBJ stopped war escalation
Who became president after LBJ? What was their goal regarding Vietnam?
RICHARD NIXON:
- goal to reduce US involvement
- removing soldiers while still providing financial aid
– VIETNAMIZATION
How was LBJ similar to FDR? What policies did he pass? What did all of this say about liberalism in America?
- LBJ similar to FDR:
– LBJ was a democratic and had majority democrat Congress, so he could do anything
LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY:
- extension of FDR’s New Deal
– goal to abolish poverty
- OFFICE OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY:
– education/training to poor
– MEDICARE: program as part of retirement
— MEDICAID: health insurance for those in poverty
- abolishment of immigration quotas
- all of this showed Liberalism in America was in its golden age
What were some of the accomplishments by the Warren Court?
GIDEON V WAINRIGHT 1963:
- ruled if a person is poor, the state must provide attorney
GRISWOLD V CONNECTICUT 1965:
- ruled laws that forbade use of birth control were unconstitutional
ENGEL V NITALE 1962:
- forced school prayer unconstitutional
BAKER V CARR 1962:
- states must redraw legislative districts to accurately uphold voting rights
What were some ways people demanded the rights that had been promised to the African Americans, during this period?
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT:
- ROSA PARKS
- city wide bus boycott
- bus company became bankrupt and had to remove segregation policies
SIT IN MOVEMENT:
- younger generation who sat in public, white only, spaces, who refused to leave until service was also provided to them
– led to mass arrests
Who was MLK Jr. and what were some of his accomplishments? How was he like compared to Malcolm X?
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR:
- advocated Civil Rights without violence
- MARCH ON WASHINGTON:
– 200,000 protesters at Washington monument
– “I have a dream” Speech
- SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
– peaceful protest
– Bull Conmor, public safety commissioner wouldn’t tolerate their protests
– high pressure police hoses, police dogs, etc used
— even used against children in the CHILDREN’S CRUSADE CAMPAIGN
MALCOLM X: believed integration was NOT the way to freedom, but instead on separatism and militarism
What was the Black Panthers?
This period most influential militant black power organization
What resulted after all the efforts of Civil Rights movements?
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT: made discrimination on bases of race, religion, or sex illegal
VOTING RIGHTS ACT: prohibited racial discrimination, voting booths
+ allowed fed. gov. to oversee voting in counties had historically low black voter turnout
LOVIN V VIRGINIA 1967: allowed interracial marriage
How did the Civil Rights movement lose its pace?
- after MLK was assassinated, Civil Rights movement came to an end
- progress made was ignored
- RACE RIOTS
How were some ways Women’s Rights extend during this period? Who opposed them?
- Betty Friedan’s “Feminine Mystique”: extensive research and interviews with suburban housewives
- explored boredom and imprisonment of a typical housewife
NATIONALS ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW)
MS. MAGAZINE by Gloria Steinem
TITLE IX of the educational amendments:
- banned any discrimination on bases of gender with respect to education
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (ERA):
- to ensure no laws overturning for discrimination based on sex to be passed
HOWEVER:…SHLAFLY’S STOP ERA CAMPAIGN:
- led to not enough votes for ERA to be passed
- Shlafly believed ERA would take away certain privileges of women, like dependent wife benefits for social security, separate bathrooms for men and women, and exemption from military draft
What was the Counter Culture Movement? Who were Hippies? What was Roe v Wade? How did minorities take action?
COUNTER CULTURE MOVEMENT:
- goal to cast off societal restrain and overthrow cultural norms with rebellious styles of clothing and experimental drug use (Hippies)
- HAIGHT ASHBURY DISTRICT:
– in California
– communal living, music, drug use, informality, free love
– BOB DYLAN: WOODSTOCK MUSIC FESTIVAL 1969
- shifted Americas views on sexuality and sexual expression
ROE V WADE:
- declared states could not prevent women from taking birth control in first 2 trimesters
LATINOS:
- Cesar Chaves, Delores Huerta
– created the UNITED FARM WORKERS in 1962 to protect interest of migrant farm workers
- increased wages
AMERICAN INDIANS:
- occupation of Alcatraz Island
– during 1960’s it had been abandoned so it had to be returned back to Native Americans based on law
- protesters went and kept control of it for 19 months
- eventually fed gov. made it impossible to live there
SELF DETERMINATION ACT:
- gave the American Indians more control over their lands, education, and law enforcement
GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT:
- 1969
- raid at NY Stonewall Inn where gay people gathered
– was against anti-gay laws
- resistance and protest
- 1970’s, changed from mental illness to legit sexual orientation by gov.
How did the opposing views on the Vietnam war reflect in the movements created by the American youth? Why were they involved? What conflicts occurred as a result?
YOUNG AMERICANS FOR FREEDOM (YAF): goal to support us involvement in Vietnam because it meant containment of communism
opposing was…
STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (SOS): belief in Port Huron Statement that stressed participatory democracy and direct gov action
- college students were involved in all of this because they were the ones going to be drafted once they graduated, to an “immoral war”
KENT STATE MASSACRE 1970:
- protesting Vietnam war at the hands of President Nixon
- several days long
- in the midst, vandalism and looting occurred
- national guard sent to keep peace
– were hurled rocks at
– commotion and a guard opened fire on crowd
– 4 students dead, 10 wounded
What was the main resource that the conflicts in Middle East were surrounded around? Why?
OIL:
- much of it came from Middle East
– supplied it to the rest of the world
- strained relations with them
- Arab nations in Middle East strongly opposed creation of Israel, but US tight allies with Israel
What were some environmental concerns, any why did they occur?
- 1973 dramatically reduced exports and raised prices of oil supply to US
- US sought alternatives
– nuclear energy
3 MILE ISLAND:
- Pennsylvania
- one of the nuclear reactors melted down partially and radioactive waste was released into surroundings
- in the middle of highly populated area
What is OPEC? How did it impact US?
ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC):
- created to better control prices of oil
– US realized they were not in control of something as important as their energy supply
What was this period like for conservationist? How did they continue to promote conservatism?
- conservationists faced a lot of change during this period
JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY: - group who opposed communism and advocated limited gov.
- opposed gov. effort to put fluoride into the water supply
WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY:
- made influential magazine “THE NATIONAL REVIEW”
- denounced John Birch Society
RELIGIOUS RIGHT:
- large group of conservative Christians
JERRY FALWELL: found moral majority
- closely melded Christianity with Conservative politics
- believed separation of Church and State was cause of “moral decay”
What was the Environmental Movement during this period?
- nuclear alternative was not safe, so it wasn’t popular
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT:
- Rachel Carson’s 1962 book “Silent Spring”
– celebration of first Earth day in 1970
- President Nixon created ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA):
– popular
– a river in Ohio had caught fire the year before due to heavy pollution from factories
– CLEAN AIR ACT
What was Stagflation?
STAGFLATION:
- inflation + economic stagnation
- recession
- Nixon tried to fix by cutting fed. spending
– got worse
– peoples faith in gov. waning
WATERGATE SCANDALS:
- Nixon’s Reelection Committee was caught breaking in to steal documents and bug phones
- Conservatives wanted to remove Affirmative Action
