Unit 2 : 1607 - 1754 Flashcards
How did Dutch colonization go? Who was the first to attempt? How did they differ from the Spanish?
- Henry Hudson sent to find passage through Americas
– fails but claimed the land around the now Hudson River for the Dutch
– economy based - in 1624 becomes NEW AMSTERDAM
– facilitated the economy
– trading hub for other traders, fishermen, and farmers - differed from Spanish
– were mostly Protestant, but had no intent of converting the Natives
Who established the first French settlement? How was their settlements different from that of Spanish? What were their interactions with Natives like?
- In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French settlement called QUEBEC
- settlements all over North America for trade
- colonial policies differed from Spanish
– greater interest in trade than conquest
– especially fish and fur trade - few colonizers showed up in the Americas
- married native women to have kinship ties to the vast trading networks among the Native peoples
- example:
– French interactions with the Ojibwe people in what is now Canada
– alliances + cultural exchanges
– Indians benefitted French through skills in the process of preparing beaver pelts for market
– French benefitted the Indians by introducing Iron cookware, farming tools, manufactured cloth
What were the motivations for English Colonization? How did they differ from the Spanish?
- mainly economic, needed the money after conflicts/war
- the nobles were losing money
- peasants were also struggling in England due to the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
- others were motivated by religious freedom and improving their living conditions
- English colonizers set out to the Americas as family groups to establish new homes
- differed from Spanish in that the Spanish subjugated the Native Americans, while the English EXPELLED them
What was the Enclosure Movement?
took land from everyone held in common, and sold to private parties
What was the first English colony established? How did it survive? What issues did they face? What was the Joint Stock Company?
CHESAPEAKE
- first American Colony established
- Jamestown in 1607, VIRGINIA COLONY
- financed by new economic model of funding : JOINT STOCK COMPANY
– more of a private thing than a state sponsored thing (like the Spanish)
– if the venture profited or failed, no one lost everything since they shared the burden and risk
- famine killed half of them in the first two years since they were always looking for gold and silver
– no farming
– resorted to Cannibalism
What was cultivated in the Jamestown? When and how did they began cultivating?
- tobacco cultivation began in 1612
- John Rolfe experimented and found way to cultivate it
What is indentured servitude? How did they make use of it in the English Colonies?
- people who couldn’t afford passage across the sea agreed to contract as laborers of the funders to pay off debt
- tobacco cultivation labor was mostly done by indentured servants
How did conflict arose between the English colonists and the natives? What was the scandal involved with William Berkeley?
- as demand for tobacco increased, farmers needed more land
– further encroachment on Native territory
– led to increasing tensions, retaliations, raids - farmers called on their governor William Berkeley
– Berkeley decided their cause was not worth his efforts
– had a personal trade alliance with the Natives that made him rich (this was illegal) - led to Bacons Rebellion
What was Bacons Rebellion? What did it lead to?
- a revolt from the poor farmers whose farms had been raided by the Natives
- NATHAN BACON was the leader
- attacked the Indians and ravaged the plantations owned by Berkeley
- consequence of event:
– plantation owners began to fear uprising from indentured servants
– new source of labor: SLAVERY
How did the pilgrims come to New England? How did they differ from the Virginia Colony? What was their motivation? Who were Puritans?
- New England settled originally by pilgrims in 1620
- Mayflower, Plymouth
- paved way for influx of Puritans
- Puritans: Protestants who were separatists
– did not like and broke away from the Church of England - pilgrim DID NOT come for religious freedom
– many had originally moved to Holland after leaving England for religious tolerance, but as farmers and foreigner they struggled to make a living and fitting in
– left for America primarily for economic reasons - differed from Jamestown in that they arrived in New England as family groups
- came to establish a society and family economies as farmers
- struggled in the beginning with fever and hunger
– half died - FIRST THANKSGIVING occurred
What was the British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast? How was the society established and what was its economy?
- first permanent colonies on Caribbean Islands
– St. Christopher, Barbados, and Nevis - warm for most of the year
– long growing seasons
– tobacco main cash crop, however by 1630’s SUGAR replaced
– more profitable, rich mans crop - South Atlantic Coast: South Caroline was inspired by West Indies and tried to replicate on the mainland
How was slavery important to the economy of the British West Indies?
- Sugar is labor intensive, so there was a high demand for African enslaved people as source of labor
- by 1860’s most of the population was Black
- to prevent revolts as the population of enslaved people grew the planter elites established harsh slave codes, that controlled them and prevented them from even the most basic rights
- defined enslaved people as property or CHATTEL
What was the Middle Colonies, and what was its nickname? What was their economy and society like?
- nickname: Breadbasket Colonies
- New York, New Jersey had many rivers and stream from connection to the sea
– export economy with cereal crops (grains, oats, etc.) - very diverse population, overtime became unequal because of emerging elite class
What was the class structure like in the Middle Colonies? (Top to Bottom)
1: Urban Merchants
#2: Artisan / Shopkeepers
#3: Unskilled / Laborers / Orphans / Widows
#4: Enslaved Africans
Who found Pennsylvania? How did they differ from other colonies?
- founded by William Penn
– a converted Quaker and Pacifist
– all of them were Quakers since they avoided violence and war - when they wanted to expand they asked the Indians first for permission, unlike the rest of the colonies
How were the 13 Colonies similar and different?
- developed distinctly different colonies
- were similar when it came to unusually democratic systems of government
– cause: Mother country Britain was too far for complete control over its colonies so they colonists could set up their own gov.
What was the Virginia House of Burgesses? The Mayflower Compact?
What the gov. of Middle/Southern Colonies?
VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES:
- representative assembly that could levy taxes and pass laws
MAYFLOWER COMPACT:
- New England Colonies
- self governing church congregation
- participatory town meetings
Middle / Southern:
- had a representation but also dominated by the elite of the Societies
- Middle: ran legislature
- South: elite planters
What was the Trans-Atlantic Trade? What was the Triangular Trade? What was the Slave Trade Act and what did it lead to?
TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE:
- late 17th - early 18th century
- trade became global
TRIANGULAR TRADE:
- how the trade was done
- merchants ships followed a 3 part journey
- example:
– merchant ships will start in New England and take rum to West Africa
– trade for enslaved Africans for labor
– middle passage to Americas
– SLAVE TRADE ACT: limited the number of enslaved people that could be taken on the ships, so they came up with a brutal system of stacking the slaves to save space
– slaves traded or sugar cane, head back to New England
– everything begins all over again
** DIFFERENT FRON TRANS-ATLANTIC (Do not mix)
What was Mercantilism and what did it lead to?
- dominant economic system in Europe
- assumed only fixed amounts of wealth in the world
- measured wealth in gold and silver
- more exports than imports means Bigger slice of the pie (AP WORLD)
- establishment of colonies gave mercantilist access to raw materials they couldn’t find in own countries
– colonies became markets for manufactured goods - NAVIGATION ACTS: result of mercantilism
– unfair balance that benefitted Britain
What was the Navigation Acts? Why was it unfair? What did it change in the society?
- required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships
- valuable trade items required to pass through British ports (where they were taxed)
- Britain exploited colonies resources
- Trans-Atlantic trade generated massive wealth for elites (merchants, investors, plantations owners)
- transformed sea ports into thriving centers
Consumer Revolution in North America:
- wealthier families bought more goods
– shaped society
– before, a persons place in the society was the status of their family
– this changed and became tied to financial status than family based
What was the interaction of the English with the Natives? How did they differ from that of Spanish or French interaction?
- English did not settle in places with many Natives, so there wasn’t enough Natives for a labor force
- in the beginning they coexisted peacefully
– traded, exchanged cultures until conflict - English colonies growing, expanding, encroaching on Native Land
- Spanish SUBJUGATED Natives, while the English EXPELLED them
- Freanch DID NOT SETTLE, they created TRADING POSTS
- Europeans didn’t see Natives as equals to themselves
- didn’t worry about unified rebellion since Native tribes had conflict amongst themselves
What was King Phillips War?
- 1675
- against Metacome and Wampanoag Indians
- English had allies with certain Natives for certain purposes
– Mohawk Indians fought WITH English against Wampanoag Indians in King Phillips War
Why was slavery popular in the British Colonies?
- demand for colonial agricultural goods + shortage of indentured servants led to new source of labor; SLAVERY
How was Slaves distributed throughout the British Colonies?
- New England had smaller famers, so fewer enslaved Africans
- Middle Colonies had agricultural estates, so enslaved people worked as household servants
- All major port cities like NYC held significant numbers of slaves who worked as seamen, dock workers, blacksmiths
- Chesapeake and Southern Colonies had far more
– needed for plantation systems - British West Indies had the most; majority went there
How did slavery in British West Indies influence slavery everywhere else?
- Race based slavery - CHATTEL SLAVERY (property based)
- establishment of harsh slave laws
- Virginia followed Barbados with slave laws
– later part of 17th century
– plantation owners given right to kill slaves if they defied authority
How did slaves Covertly Resist?
- practiced cultural customs from homeland
- maintained belief systems
- spoke native languages
- kept naming practices from home
- slowed pace of work by breaking tools and damaging crops
What are examples of how slaves Overtly Resisted?
STONO REBELLION 1739
– South Caroline
– small group of enslaved men stole weapons from a store
– killed white owners of that store
– marching along Stono River, more enslaved men joined them
– burned plantations to the ground
– killed more white people
– grew to about 50 until white militia confronted them
– challenged narrative of plantation owners who saw themselves as superior
- white people thought they were merciful to enslaved people
– events like STONO REBELLION proved otherwise
What was the Enlightenment? Why did it spread in American colonies?
- thinking at the expense of faith
- emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religious revelation
- took root in American colonies because of the robust TRANSATLANTIC PRINT CULTURE
Who was a strong influencer in the Enlightenment? What were the two treatises on government?
JOHN LOCKE: two treatises on government awaken
NATURAL RIGHTS:
- human beings, by simply existing, have rights to life, liberty, property, given to them not by the monarch, but by God
SOCIAL CONTRACT:
- between the people and the government
- power in the hands of the people
– voluntarily give some power to government who vows to protect people natural rights
- these teachings were reveled by enlightenment, but along with it came teaching that undermined the authority of the Bible; “scientific inquiry is where authority lies”
What was the Great Awakening? Who was the New Light Clergy? What did it create? What was Pietism?
- revival of religious fervor
- generated Christian devotion and enthusiasm through religious revival
- NEW LIGHT CLERGY: preachers who lamented about the decreasing levels of faith from Enlightenment, during the Great Awakening
- PEITISM: emphasized the heart over the head (German)
Who was Jonathan Edwards? Who was George Whitefield?
What was New Light Preach influence on America, and how did it affect the British control over the colonies?
JONATHAN EDWARDS:
- new England minister and philosopher
- preached sermons that comnined Enlightenment ideas with intense religious fervor
- “Sinners in the Hand of An Angry God sermon
– lit the fire for the Great Awakening from Northhampton
GEORGE WHITEFIELD:
- came to America from England
- traveled to all colonies to preach
- people flocked to hear him, very influential
– people used to weep at his simplest statements
NEW LIGHT PREACH:
- tended to emphasize democratic tendencies in the Bible
– especially new testament
- lack of wealth did not diminsh God’s favor upon them
- British government, parliament , was having difficulty controlling during this time
What was the overall significance of the Great Awakening on America? The relationship between America and Britain?
- FIRST NATION EVENT (Unifying factor)
- were still experiencing anglecanization (becoming more British-like), but also started to become frustrated with British
– resistance - growing mistrust on both sides
What was impressment? What was King Georges War?
- seizing American men against their will and forcing them to serve in the Royal Navy
- 1747 King Georges War
– tried recruiting Americans
– 3 days of riot
