Unit 8 Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Physiological need
A basic bodily requirement.
Drive-reduction theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Yerkes-Dodson law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Set point
The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate
The body’s resting rate of energy output.
Obesity
Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others.
Testosterone
The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Estrogens
Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity.
Sexual response cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson–excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Refractory period
In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.
Affiliation need
The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.