Psychologists

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

John Locke. Believed the idea of “tabula rasa (blank slate)” and that knowledge comes through experience.

Question 2

Experimentation

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab.

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

Edward Bradford Titchener. A student of Wundt. Believed in introspection.

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

William James. Studied down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness.

Question 5

First woman to complete the requirements for a PhD in psychology.

Answer 5

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 6

Behaviorism

Answer 6

John B Watson and B F Skinner. Dismissed introspection and believed in observable behaviors.

Question 7

Psychoanalytic psychology

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud. Examined the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.

Question 8

Humanistic psychology

Answer 8

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Focused on the human potential for personal growth.

Question 9

Educational psychology

Answer 9

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 10

Developmental psychology

Answer 10

Jean Piaget. Studied the behavior of children.

Question 11

Psychiatry and therapy. Developed humane therapies for those with psychological disorders.

Answer 11

Dorothea Dix.

Question 12

Studied absolute thresholds and the edge of awareness of stimuli.

Answer 12

Gustav Fechner.

Question 13

Showed that our visual processing deconstructs visual images and then reassembles them. Worked with feature detectors.

Answer 13

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

Question 14

Developed Weber’s Law

Answer 14

Ernst Weber

Question 15

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Answer 15

Studied language; theorized that the language we learn determines our outlook on life.

Question 16

Noam Chomsky

Answer 16

Studied language; theorized that we are born with a predisposition to learn language.

Question 17

Steven Pinker

Answer 17

Studied language; described language as “the jewel in the crown of cognition.”

Question 18

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman

Answer 18

Developed the idea of representativeness and availability heuristics.

Question 19

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 19

Showed that humans are not the only creatures to display insight.

Question 20

Robert Sternburg

Answer 20

Developed the five components of creativity: Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.

Question 21

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 21

Studied memory; specialist in memory reconsolidation. Proved the theory with experimentation with face recognition.

Question 22

George Miller

Answer 22

Studied memory; proposed that we can store about seven pieces of information in our short-term memory.

Question 23

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Answer 23

Studied memory; developed a three-stage model of the memory-forming process.

Question 24

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 24

Studied memory; proved that tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we can recall. Developed a model called the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve that demonstrates the process of forgetting.

Question 25

Albert Bandura

Answer 25

Studied observational learning; performed an experiment that showed children were more likely to perform a behavior after seeing an adult do it. Proved we learn by observation.

Question 26

Edward Chase Tolman

Answer 26

Studied rats in mazes and came up with the idea of a cognitive map and latent learning.

Question 27

John Garcia

Answer 27

Challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well through classical conditioning experimentation with rats.

Question 28

Edward Thorndike

Answer 28

Studied behaviorism; created Thorndike’s Law of Effect.

Question 29

B. F. Skinner

Answer 29

Studied behaviorism and operant conditioning and created the operant conditioning chamber known as Skinner’s box.