Unit 7.1 - 7.3 Flashcards
What is nationalism?
Strong emotional attachment to one’s ethnic or cultural group.
What is romantic idealism?
Idealized the past; individuals were valued, and democracy and liberal reforms were goals.
Who were the Grimm brothers?
German scholars who compiled fairy tales and other folk stories.
Who was Richard Wagner?
German composer known for writing romantic and nationalistic music.
Who was Victor Hugo?
French writer who wrote about individuals struggling against cruel societies.
Wrote ‘Hunchback of Notre-Dame’ and ‘Les Miserables’.
What is national aggrandizement?
Promoting a nation to appear to have great powers, often to encourage a belief in national superiority.
What is racialism?
The idea that some races of people are better than others; also known as racism.
What is Pan-Slavism?
A nationalist movement where Slavic peoples of Eastern and East-central Europe worked to unite in their mutual cultural and political aspirations.
What is anti-Semitism?
Discrimination and persecution based on religion.
What is liberal ideology?
Individuals should be free, able to own private property, extend voting rights, and redistribute wealth.
Who was Louis Napoleon?
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte elected as President; later crowned himself Emperor Napoleon III.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
Italian nationalist who wanted to unite the Italian peninsula into one state.
Who was Camillo di Cavour?
Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who worked to unite northern Italy.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Prime Minister of Prussia known for unifying Germany.
Who was Francis Joseph?
Established the dual monarchy.
What are the capitals of Austria and Hungary?
Vienna is the capital of Austria; Budapest is the capital of Hungary.
What are Magyars?
Ethnicity of Hungary.
What is the Christian Social Party?
A conservative political party that drew support from the anti-Semitic element of the German working classes.
What is Zionism?
The idea that Jews should have their own homeland.
Who was Theodor Herzl?
Leader of Zionism influenced by the Dreyfus Affair.
Who succeeded Nicholas I?
Alexander II, during the Crimean War.
What did Alexander II do?
Upgraded communication and transportation systems in Russia and abolished serfdom in 1861.
Who was King Victor Emmanuel II?
King of Piedmont-Sardinia.
What is realpolitik?
The practice of acting for political power rather than for religious, moral, or ideological goals.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Worked to unite the southern Italian states with his rebel army known as the Red Shirts.
What were the Red Shirts?
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s rebel army.
What was Pope Pius IX’s stance on Italian unification?
Rejected the offer to recognize Italy and refused to leave the Vatican.
What was the Lateran Pact?
Created a separate sovereign Vatican state and recognized the nation of Italy.
What was Bismarck’s approach to unifying Germany?
Relied on industrialized warfare to bring other German states together under Prussian leadership.
Who was King William I?
King of Germany (Prussia).
What was the Ems telegram?
Used by Bismarck to provoke Napoleon III into declaring war on Germany.
What was the Paris Commune?
A working-class group that formed their own government.
What was Kulturkampf?
A program that passed laws to expel the Jesuits, end Catholic education, and introduce civil marriage.
Who was Wilhelm II?
Dismissed Bismarck and adopted a more aggressive foreign policy.
What was the Congress of Berlin?
Organized to solve tensions in the Balkan states.
What was the Black Hand?
A Serbian terrorist group.
What were three movements that influenced changes in 19th century Europe?
Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution.
List three wars Bismarck was involved in to help Germany unify.
War with Denmark, Seven Weeks War, Franco-Prussian War.
What were three multi-ethnic regions that feared nationalism?
Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire.
What was the Triple Entente?
An alliance of Russia, Great Britain, and France.
What was the Triple Alliance?
An alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
What new class was created with the Industrial Revolution?
A new middle class.
What was one factor that shifted the balance of power in Europe in the late 1800s?
Nationalism.
What were two areas that unified in Europe in the late 1800s?
Italy and Germany.
What type of government did France establish after the Revolutions of 1848?
A third republic.
Why were the projects completed by Napoleon III important?
They created jobs, lowered bread prices, reinstated universal male suffrage, and made people happier.
What was Bismarck’s goal?
To unite German states.
What was the Jewish country created in 1948?
Israel.
Who lost their lands so a Jewish state could be created?
Palestine.
What were three reasons the Crimean War was followed by more people?
Greater freedom of the press, increased literacy, and cameras provided photos of battles.
What was the Ottoman Empire known as?
The Sick Man of Europe.
What did the Third Balkan War lead to?
World War II because of its alliances.
What were the Balkans known as?
The Powder Keg.
Who had to leave Northern Italy?
Austria.
Who had to leave Southern Italy?
Spain.
Who had to leave Rome?
The Pope had to give up power.
What was created at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when the Holy Roman Empire ended?
The German Confederation.
Who was involved in the Seven Weeks War?
Prussia and Austria.
How did Bismarck neutralize the socialists?
Banned newspapers and abolished labor unions.
What was used to maintain a balance of power?
The alliance system.
List two factors that challenged the status quo.
Nationalism and unification.
What was the Three Emperor League?
An alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia to avoid conflict in the Balkans.
What was the Reinsurance Treaty?
A secret treaty where Germany and Russia would remain neutral if one went to war, except if Germany attacked France or Russia.
What group did Russia support?
The Slavic people.
Why did Russia start to form an alliance with France & Britain?
Germany did not renew their alliance with Russia.
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
A Jewish captain in the French army accused of treason; he was pardoned in 1906, but anti-Jewish views spread across Europe.
What are two facts about liberalism?
Emphasizes rights of the individual and the right to vote, own land, and have freedom of speech and writing.
How did Napoleon III modernize France?
Built railroads, ports, and canals; increased international trade; created new banks; backed the construction of the Suez Canal.
What was the Crimean War?
A conflict between Russia and the Ottomans, with help from Great Britain, France, and Italy, over the protection of Christians in the Holy Lands.
