Unit 7: The Renaissance and Reformation in Europe

Question 1

Dante Alighieri

Answer 1

Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy.

Question 2

Mercenary

Answer 2

A hired soldier.

Question 3

Dowry

Answer 3

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage.

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Question 5

Vernacular

Answer 5

The language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Question 6

Christian Humanism

Answer 6

A movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church.

Question 7

Indulgence

Answer 7

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins.

Question 8

Francesco Sforza

Answer 8

Conquered Milan and became Duke; built up the city of Milan to become an important city for the Renaissance.

Question 9

Lorenzo de Medici

Answer 9

A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth in banking to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).

Question 10

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 10

Known as the father of Italian Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics.

Question 11

Doge

Answer 11

The head of the state in Venice.

Question 12

Christine de Pizan

Answer 12

Highly educated Renaissance-era woman, among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against men’s objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women.

Question 13

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 13

German inventor of the Printing Press using movable type, which changed learning forever because it made books cheaper and more widely available.

Question 14

Tommaso di Giovanni (Masaccio)

Answer 14

He created the first art masterpiece frescoes using depth to create the appearance of life, his famous work includes “The Tribute Money.”

Question 15

Donatello

Answer 15

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Question 16

Flippo Brunelleschi

Answer 16

Architect that combined classical Greek and Roman architectural styles; Designed the Roman-inspired dome on a cathedral in Florence.

Question 17

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 17

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Question 18

Raphael Sanzio

Answer 18

He was famous for use of Perspective. He painted the School of Athens.

Question 19

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Answer 19

(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the statue of David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Question 20

Jan van Eyck

Answer 20

Flemish (Flanders) painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Question 21

Albrecht Durer

Answer 21

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion and perspective. (Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse)

Question 22

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 22

Christian humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly.

Question 23

Martin Luther

Answer 23

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices, criticism led to religious reform and Protestant Reformation in Germany.

Question 24

Johann Tetzel

Answer 24

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”

Question 25

Pope Leo X

Answer 25

He began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated Martin Luther from the church.

Question 26

Emperor Charles V

Answer 26

This Holy Roman emperor forced Martin Luther to stand trial and declared him to be an outlaw at the Diet of Worms.

Question 27

Frederick III the Wise

Answer 27

Ruler of Saxony; protector of Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation; banned the sale of indulgences.

Question 28

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 28

Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

Question 29

John Calvin

Answer 29

French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; published the Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Question 30

John Knox

Answer 30

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops.

Question 31

Anabaptists

Answer 31

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture.

Question 32

Igantius Loyola

Answer 32

He formed the Jesuits. His book, His society of Jesus practiced complete obedience to the papacy.

Question 33

Pope Paul III

Answer 33

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Question 34

Renaissance

Answer 34

“Rebirth”; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.

Question 35

Florence

Question 36

Burghers

Answer 36

A member of the middle class who lived in a city or town.

Question 37

Council of Trent

Answer 37

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Question 38

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 38

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. The religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Question 39

Anne Boleyn

Answer 39

The second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; she was beheaded on Tower Green.

Question 40

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 40

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry’s desire for a divorce from her precipitated England’s break with Rome.

Question 41

Thomas More

Answer 41

Christian humanist and English statesman who opposed King Henry VIII’s plans to establish a national church under royal control. He was eventually executed for refusing to take an oath acknowledging Henry to be the head of the Church of England and has since been canonized by the Catholic Church.

Question 42

Elizabeth I

Answer 42

Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Question 43

Mary I

Answer 43

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants; known as “Bloody Mary.”

Question 44

Diet of Worms

Answer 44

This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak.

Question 45

Edict of Worms

Answer 45

Declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor.

Question 46

Perspective (Renaissance)

Answer 46

An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Question 47

Henry VIII

Answer 47

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Question 48

Act of Supremacy

Answer 48

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.