Unit 10: The Enlightenment and Revolutions

Question 1

Ptolemy

Answer 1

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD).

Question 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 2

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system (Heliocentric).

Question 3

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 3

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

Question 4

William Harvey

Answer 4

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of blood to and from the heart.

Question 5

Montesquieu

Answer 5

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755); and checks and balances.

Question 6

Denis Diderot

Answer 6

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia.

Question 7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 7

A French man who believed government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy (“Social Contract”).

Question 8

Adam Smith

Answer 8

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Question 9

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 9

English writer who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

Question 10

Balthasar Neumann

Answer 10

Architect of the Church of the Fourteen Saints.

Question 11

Franz Joseph Haydn

Answer 11

Classical composer who wrote The Creation and The Seasons.

Question 12

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Answer 12

An Austrian composer, his works include operas such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791).

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Question 14

Maria Theresa

Answer 14

Austrian empress who unified her nation after her father’s death; main enemy was Prussia.

Question 15

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 15

Author of the Declaration of Independence.

Question 16

General Charles Cornwallis

Answer 16

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington.

Question 17

Seven Years War

Answer 17

Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land; fought in North America, Europe, and India.

Question 18

Johannes Kepler

Answer 18

German astronomer proved that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit.

Question 19

Galileo Galilei

Answer 19

Italian astronomer and mathematician who used a telescope to observe four moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on the Earth’s moon. He proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system.

Question 20

Isaac Newton

Answer 20

English mathematician and scientist formulated the theory of universal gravitation, and three laws of motion.

Question 21

Galen

Answer 21

Greek physician whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance, through dissection of animals.

Question 22

Maria Winkelmann

Answer 22

The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet.

Question 23

Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 23

Father of modern chemistry.

Question 24

Voltaire

Answer 24

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church; advocating for religious tolerance.

Question 25

Deism

Answer 25

God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.

Question 26

John Wesley

Answer 26

English clergyman and founder of Methodism.

Question 27

Joseph II

Answer 27

The son of Maria Teresa and a enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian Empire.

Question 28

Catherine II

Answer 28

German wife of Peter III of Russia and came to power after his murder; ruled Russia 1762-1796; interested in enlightend reforms but didnt do any; had policy favoring landed nobility but this led to worse conditions for Russian peasents and led to rebellion; the rebellion spread across spouthern Russia but she halted all reform and serfdom expanded into newer parts of the empire; expanded Russian Empire

Question 29

George Washington

Answer 29

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

Question 30

Geocentric

Answer 30

A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the Solar System.

Question 31

Heliocentric

Answer 31

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the Solar System.

Question 32

Separation of Powers

Answer 32

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Question 33

Laissez-faire

Answer 33

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Question 34

Salon

Answer 34

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas.

Question 35

Roccoco

Answer 35

An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action.

Question 36

Enlightened Absolutism

Answer 36

A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.

Question 37

Declaration of Independence

Answer 37

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Question 38

Articles of Confederation

Answer 38

1st written plan of government for the United States (1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade).

Question 39

Federal System

Answer 39

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.

Question 40

Bill of Rights

Answer 40

The first ten amendments to the Constitution.

Question 41

Baroque

Answer 41

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements.

Question 42

Stamp Act

Answer 42

An act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents.

Question 43

Peter III

Answer 43

Husband of Catherine the Great, was mentally unstable, and was murdered by a group of Russian army officers. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the murder is unknown, but she did benefit by it as she then had the throne to herself., Withdrew from the Seven Year’s War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.

Question 44

Constitutional Convention

Answer 44

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Question 45

Treaty of Paris

Answer 45

greement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country.