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Biology 12 - Mackenzie > Unit 7 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 13 parts of the respiratory system

A

The nasal sinus
Pharynx/throat
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Ribs and muscles
Medulla oblongata
Pleural membranes
Pneumothorax

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2
Q

Why is the left lung smaller?

A

Because it needs to make room for the heart

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3
Q

What is the nasal sinus surrounded by?

A

A lot of capillary beds and mucus glands

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4
Q

What does the nasal sinus do?

A

It has things to keep us safe. Prevents debris and other things from going into your system

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5
Q

What do nose hairs do?

A

With the aid of mucus the hairs filter and trap debris. The debris is discharged through the nose

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6
Q

What do WBCs do in the nasal sinus?

A

Recognize and destroy foreign objects

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7
Q

What do histamines do in the nasal sinus?

A

They are released as an allergic response when foreign irritants are encountered. Causes a runny nose

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8
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A common passageway for air and food

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9
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of tissue that covers the top of the trachea when swallowing to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the lungs

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10
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

When the epiglottis is opened, air is able to pass through the larynx and into the trachea.

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11
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Vocal cords (two tendons that adjust the pitch of sounds according to how taut they are)

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12
Q

What happens to the larynx when a male goes through puberty?

A

The larynx and vocal cords grow larger. It sticks out at the throat (Adam’s Apple)

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe

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14
Q

What is the passageway of the trachea held open by?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage

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15
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

It conducts air into the bronchi.

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16
Q

What filters air as it moves through the trachea? How?

A

Cilia and mucus. The mucus traps the dirt and other particles. The cilia push it to the back of the throat so we swallow it into our digestive system.

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17
Q

What 3 things happen to air on its way to the alveoli?

A
  1. Adjusted to body temp
  2. Adjusted to 100% humidity
  3. Cleansed of debris
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18
Q

What temp is air when it arrives at the alveoli and has been in contact with many tissues?

A

37 degrees Celsius

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19
Q

What happens to the humidity of air as it is inhaled?

A

It is passed over the mucus passageways and it becomes saturated with water, making it more humid

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20
Q

How is air cleansed of debris when inhaling?

A

Nose hairs and mucus in the nasal cavities
Mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi

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21
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Two bronchi

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22
Q

What do bronchi do?

A

They take the air into each lung

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23
Q

What do bronchi branches have around them?

A

Cartilage.

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24
Q

Where does the bronchi conduct air into?

A

Into smaller branching passageways called bronchioles

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25
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Branching passageways that carry air to its ultimate destination, the alveoli

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26
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Blind sac-like endings at the end of the bronchioles

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27
Q

How many alveoli are in the human lung approx.?

A

700,000 alveoli

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28
Q

What is the alveoli a site for?

A

Site of gas exchange

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29
Q

What happens to O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

A

O2 leaves the alveoli and moves into the blood to be taken around the body. CO2 does the opposite and is breathed out.

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30
Q

Why are alveoli so special?

A

Numerous
Thin walls
Stretch receptors
Moist
Very rich
Lined with lipoproteins

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31
Q

Why are there so many alveoli?

A

It provides more surface area for gases to be exchanged

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32
Q

How thick are the walls of alveoli?

A

One cell thick

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33
Q

What do stretch receptors do in alveoli?

A

They signal when the alveoli are full enough (stretched). They send a message to the brain to start exhalation

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34
Q

How does alveoli being moist help?

A

Helps with gas exchange

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35
Q

What do alveoli have a close association with?

A

With many blood capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged efficiently

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36
Q

How does a layer of lipoproteins in the alveoli help?

A

Maintains surface tension, preventing them from collapsing and sticking together during exhalation

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37
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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38
Q

What does the diaphragm do when you inhale?

A

It moves down

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39
Q

What does the diaphragm do when you exhale?

A

It moves up

40
Q

What does breathing in do and what does breathing out release?

A

Breathing in makes energy
Breathing out releases CO2

41
Q

What are the ribs and muscles?

A

Bones that are connected to the vertebral column and sternum

42
Q

What are the muscles called between the ribs?

A

Intercostal muscles

43
Q

What do intercostal muscles do?

A

Help move the ribs up and out when we inhale.
Help move the ribs down and in when we exhale.

44
Q

What is the medulla oblongata sensitive to?

A

The concentration of CO2 and H+ in the blood

45
Q

What happens when the concentrations of H+ and CO2 reach a critical level?

A

The breathing center in the medulla oblongata is stimulated and sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, increasing the breathing rate

46
Q

What do the aortic arch and carotid arteries contain?

A

Nerve receptors called chemoreceptors

47
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

They are sensitive to O2 levels in the blood. If O2 levels are low, they will help initiate the inhalation response

48
Q

What are the steps to inhalation?

A

Too much CO2, our brain sends a message to the rib muscles and diaphragm to contract.
When they contract it creates more room in the lungs (negative air pressure). Air rushes into the space

49
Q

When inhaling how do the ribs and diaphragm contract?

A

Ribs move up and out
Diaphragm moves down

50
Q

What are the steps to exhale?

A

When the alveoli are full of air (stretched) they send a message to brain to stop inhaling.
The brain tells muscles to relax, decreasing amount of space in the lungs and the air is pushed out

51
Q

When exhaling how do the ribs and diaphragm move?

A

Ribs move down and in
Diaphragm moves up

52
Q

What are pleural membranes?

A

Membranes that enclose the lungs

53
Q

Where is the outer pleural membrane?

A

It sticks closely to the walls of the chest and the diaphragm

54
Q

Where is the inner pleural membrane?

A

It’s stuck to the lungs

55
Q

What does the pleural membrane do?

A

Seals off the thoracic cavity so when the lungs inflate, a negative air pressure is created and this causes air to rush in

56
Q

Why are the pleural membranes stuck to the lungs and chest cavity walls?

A

So when the ribs move out so do the lungs

57
Q

What is the pneumothorax?

A

Collapse of the lung (piercing the pleural membrane)

58
Q

How does pneumothorax happen in relation to pressure?

A

Negative pressure effectively draws air in through the puncture wound, putting pressure on the surface of the lung instead of inside it and the lung collapses

59
Q

What is respiration?

A

The set of processes involved with the conduction of O2 to the tissues and the removal of the waste Poe duct CO2

60
Q

What are the 4 aspects to respiration?

A

Breathing
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration

61
Q

What is breathing?

A

The inspiration and expiration of air

62
Q

What is the basic definition of external respiration?

A

Gas exchange at the alveoli

63
Q

What is the basic definition of internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange at the tissues

64
Q

What is the basic definition of cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria turn O2 and glucose in CO2 and H2O and ATP energy

65
Q

Where does external respiration happen?

A

Lungs

66
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Diffusion of O2 into the pulmonary capillaries (blood) and the diffusion of CO2 and water into the alveoli to be exhaled with the air

67
Q

In external respiration why does CO2 diffuse from [H] to [L]?

A

Because there is a lot of CO2 returning to the lungs and not very much in the alveoli. So the CO2 diffusés down its concentration gradient and moves to the alveoli.

68
Q

In external respiration why does O2 diffuse from [H] to [L]?

A

There is a lot of O2 in the fresh air in the alveoli and not much in the deO2 blood. The O2 diffuses down its concentration gradient and moves into the blood.

69
Q

What are the condition in the blood at the alveoli?

A

Basic pH of 7.4
Cool 37 degrees Celsius
Low (negative) pressure

70
Q

Under the conditions in blood at the alveoli what happens to hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin let’s go of CO2 and binds to O2

71
Q

When hemoglobin is starched to O2 as it leaves the lungs what is it called?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

72
Q

What percent of hemoglobin is occupied with O2 as it leaves the lungs?

A

99%

73
Q

In external respiration where does hemoglobin transport O2?

A

Tissue cells

74
Q

What is the formula for hemoglobin plus O2?

A

O2 + Hb = HbO2

75
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

At the tissues

76
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Diffusion of O2 into the tissue cells and the diffusion of CO2 and water into the blood capillaries

77
Q

In internal respiration where is CO2 returned to?

A

The heart and it is sent to the lungs to be removed during exhalation

78
Q

What are the conditions in the blood at the tissues?

A

More acidic 7.3
Warm 38 degrees Celsius
High pressure

79
Q

The conditions in the blood at the tissues make the hemoglobin do what?

A

Let go of O2 and it binds to CO2 and H+

80
Q

What is the formula for hemoglobin letting go of O2?

A

HbO2 –> Hb + O2

81
Q

In internal respiration what does the O2 do?

A

It diffuses into the tissue spaces along with the water that is forced from the plasma due to blood pressure

82
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen from lungs goes to blood and bonds to glucose they go into the mitochondrion. CO2 and H2O and ATP leave the mitochondrion. CO2 goes to bol Oof then to lungs

83
Q

In internal respiration what happens at the venule end of the capillary bed when water is drawn back into the blood by osmotic pressure?

A

CO2 enters the blood

84
Q

What are the three ways that CO2 is transported?

A

Dissolved gas (7%)
Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)1 (23%)
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) (70%)

85
Q

What is the formula for carbaminohemoglobin?

A

CO2 + Hb -> HbCO2

86
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

It causes CO2 to join with water to make the biocarbonate ion. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in the red blood cells

87
Q

What is the formula for Carbonate anhydrase?

A

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 (carbonic anhydrase) —> HCO3- (carbonic anhydrase) + H+

88
Q

Why is is bad for an extra hydrogen ion from the water to be free?

A

It is acidic and can eat through the blood vessel walls

89
Q

What does hemoglobin act as?

A

A buffer

90
Q

What is the formula for reduced hemoglobin?

A

H+ + Hb —> HHb

91
Q

In external respiration when blood returns to the lungs conditions change how?

A

Hemoglobin dumps CO2 and H+ and wants to pick up O2 again

92
Q

After CO2 is transported what happens?

A

CO2 diffusés into the alveoli and is exhaled

93
Q

When water needs to be excreted at the lungs what happens?

A

It will either
1. Be exhaled in the air
2. Enter the alveoli to keep them moist
3. Remain in the plasma

94
Q

What is the reaction of formulas in internal respiration?

A

HbO2 —> Hb + O2
Hb + CO2 —> HbCO2
CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 —>H+ + HCO3-
H+ + Hb —> HHb

95
Q

What is the reaction of formulas in external respiration?

A

Hb + O2 —> HbO2
HbCO2 —> Hb + CO2
HHb —> Hb + H+
H+ + HCO3- —> H2CO3 —> H2O + CO2

96
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled during a single breath

Biology 12 - Mackenzie (9 decks)

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