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Biology 12 - Mackenzie > Unit 7 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 13 parts of the respiratory system

A

The nasal sinus
Pharynx/throat
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Ribs and muscles
Medulla oblongata
Pleural membranes
Pneumothorax

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2
Q

Why is the left lung smaller?

A

Because it needs to make room for the heart

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3
Q

What is the nasal sinus surrounded by?

A

A lot of capillary beds and mucus glands

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4
Q

What does the nasal sinus do?

A

It has things to keep us safe. Prevents debris and other things from going into your system

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5
Q

What do nose hairs do?

A

With the aid of mucus the hairs filter and trap debris. The debris is discharged through the nose

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6
Q

What do WBCs do in the nasal sinus?

A

Recognize and destroy foreign objects

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7
Q

What do histamines do in the nasal sinus?

A

They are released as an allergic response when foreign irritants are encountered. Causes a runny nose

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8
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A common passageway for air and food

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9
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of tissue that covers the top of the trachea when swallowing to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the lungs

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10
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

When the epiglottis is opened, air is able to pass through the larynx and into the trachea.

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11
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Vocal cords (two tendons that adjust the pitch of sounds according to how taut they are)

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12
Q

What happens to the larynx when a male goes through puberty?

A

The larynx and vocal cords grow larger. It sticks out at the throat (Adam’s Apple)

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe

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14
Q

What is the passageway of the trachea held open by?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage

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15
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

It conducts air into the bronchi.

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16
Q

What filters air as it moves through the trachea? How?

A

Cilia and mucus. The mucus traps the dirt and other particles. The cilia push it to the back of the throat so we swallow it into our digestive system.

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17
Q

What 3 things happen to air on its way to the alveoli?

A
  1. Adjusted to body temp
  2. Adjusted to 100% humidity
  3. Cleansed of debris
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18
Q

What temp is air when it arrives at the alveoli and has been in contact with many tissues?

A

37 degrees Celsius

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19
Q

What happens to the humidity of air as it is inhaled?

A

It is passed over the mucus passageways and it becomes saturated with water, making it more humid

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20
Q

How is air cleansed of debris when inhaling?

A

Nose hairs and mucus in the nasal cavities
Mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi

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21
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Two bronchi

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22
Q

What do bronchi do?

A

They take the air into each lung

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23
Q

What do bronchi branches have around them?

A

Cartilage.

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24
Q

Where does the bronchi conduct air into?

A

Into smaller branching passageways called bronchioles

25
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Branching passageways that carry air to its ultimate destination, the alveoli

26
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Blind sac-like endings at the end of the bronchioles

27
Q

How many alveoli are in the human lung approx.?

A

700,000 alveoli

28
Q

What is the alveoli a site for?

A

Site of gas exchange

29
Q

What happens to O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

A

O2 leaves the alveoli and moves into the blood to be taken around the body. CO2 does the opposite and is breathed out.

30
Q

Why are alveoli doing special?

A

Numerous
Thin walls
Stretch receptors
Moist
Very rich
Lined with lipoproteins

31
Q

Why are there so many alveoli?

A

It provides more surface area for gases to be exchanged

32
Q

How thick are the walls of alveoli?

A

One cell thick

33
Q

What do stretch receptors do in alveoli?

A

They signal when the alveoli are full enough (stretched). They send a message to the brain to start exhalation

34
Q

How does alveoli being moist help?

A

Helps with gas exchange

35
Q

What do alveoli have a close association with?

A

With many blood capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged efficiently

36
Q

How does a layer of lipoproteins in the alveoli help?

A

Maintains surface tension, preventing them from collapsing and sticking together during exhalation

37
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

38
Q

What does the diaphragm do when you inhale?

A

It moves down

39
Q

What does the diaphragm do when you exhale?

A

It moves up

40
Q

What does breathing in do and what does breathing out release?

A

Breathing in makes energy
Breathing out releases CO2

41
Q

What are the ribs and muscles?

A

Bones that are connected to the vertebral column and sternum

42
Q

What are the muscles called between the ribs?

A

Intercostal muscles

43
Q

What do intercostal muscles do?

A

Help move the ribs up and out when we inhale.
Help move the ribs down and in when we exhale.

44
Q

What is the medulla oblongata sensitive to?

A

The concentration of CO2 and H+ in the blood

45
Q

What happens when the concentrations of H+ and CO2 reach a critical level?

A

The breathing center in the medulla oblongata is stimulated and sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, increasing the breathing rate

46
Q

What do the aortic arch and carotid arteries contain?

A

Nerve receptors called chemoreceptors

47
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

They are sensitive to O2 levels in the blood. If O2 levels are low, they will help initiate the inhalation response

48
Q

What are the steps to inhalation?

A

Too much CO2, our brain sends a message to the rib muscles and diaphragm to contract.
When they contract it creates more room in the lungs (negative air pressure). Air rushes into the space

49
Q

When inhaling how do the ribs and diaphragm contract?

A

Ribs move up and out
Diaphragm moves down

50
Q

What are the steps to exhale?

A

When the alveoli are full of air (stretched) they send a message to brain to stop inhaling.
The brain tells muscles to relax, decreasing amount of space in the lungs and the air is pushed out

51
Q

When exhaling how do the ribs and diaphragm move?

A

Ribs move down and in
Diaphragm moves up

52
Q

What are pleural membranes?

A

Membranes that enclose the lungs

53
Q

Where is the outer pleural membrane?

A

It sticks closely to the walls of the chest and the diaphragm

54
Q

Where is the inner pleural membrane?

A

It’s stuck to the lungs

55
Q

What does the pleural membrane do?

A

Seals off the thoracic cavity so when the lungs inflate, a negative air pressure is created and this causes air to rush in

56
Q

Why are the pleural membranes stuck to the lungs and chest cavity walls?

A

So when the ribs move out so do the lungs

57
Q

What is the pneumothorax?

A

Collapse of the lung (piercing the pleural membrane)

58
Q

How does pneumothorax happen in relation to pressure?

A

Negative pressure effectively draws air in through the puncture wound, putting pressure on the surface of the lung instead of inside it and the lung collapses

Biology 12 - Mackenzie (7 decks)

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