Unit 6 - Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
55% plasma liquid which contains:
91% water
7% proteins
2% salts, gases, wastes, hormones etc.
45% formed elements (solids):
RBC
WBC
Platelets
2
Q
What is another name for RBC?
A
Erythrocytes
3
Q
Describe RBC structure and shape
A
No nuclei
Biconcave disks
Lives for 120 days
Contains hemoglobin molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens
Made in red bone marrow
4
Q
What is the function of RBC?
A
Transports CO2 and O2 and H+ (acts like a buffer)
5
Q
How do RBC transport oxygen?
A
RBC transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin. The Hb attaches to o2 when it’s cool, high pH, and low pressure at the lungs.
6
Q
How do RBCs transport CO2?
A
RBCs transport CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin. Hb drops oxygen and picks up CO2 when it’s warm, lower pH, and high pressure at the cells. Hb has a higher affinity for CO than O2 and becomes HbCO.
7
Q
How do RBCs transport H+?
A
RBCs transport H+ as reduced Hb.
8
Q
What’s another name for white blood cells?
A
Leukocytes
9
Q
What is the function of WBCs?
A
WBCs fight infections by producing antibodies or through phagocytosis (engulfing) of pathogen. Can squeeze out of blood vessels to attack invaders.
10
Q
Describe the shape and structure of a WBC
A
Has a nucleus
Larger than RBCs
Fewer in number than RBCs
Made in red bone marrow
11
Q
What’s another name for platelets?
A
Thrombocytes
12
Q
What is the function of platelets?
A
The recognize micro tears in blood vessels and bind together to form a blood clot. Aid in blood clotting.
13
Q
Describe platelets
A
Fragments of cells
No nuclei
Irregular shape
Made in the bone marrow
14
Q
What is step one of the clot formation process?
A
An injury occurs, damaging cells. The body responds by sending blood to the site.
15
Q
What is step two of the clot formation process?
A
Platelets detect damage and release a chemical that initiates a chain of reactions and changes a blood protein called fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble).
16
Q
What is step three of the clot formation process?
A
The fibrin is long and string-like and clumps at the injury site, partially blocking blood from leaking out.
17
Q
What is step four of the clot formation process?
A
More blood, platelets, and white blood cells arrive at the site, creating a scab and puss.
18
Q
What is an antigen that is in all body cells?
A
An identification glycoprotein on a RBC.
Antigen A and antigen B.
19
Q
What are the four blood types and what type of antigen do they have?
A
Antigen A - type A blood
Antigen B - type B blood
Antigens A + B - type AB blood
No antigens - type O blood
20
Q
What is an antibody?
A
A protein designed to combat any foreign protein.
21
Q
What does an antibody do and how is it made?
A
Binds to foreign proteins with foreign antigens causing agglutination (clumping)
WBCs then destroy agglutinated cells
Antibodies are made by WBCs.
22
Q
How do we not attack our own blood?
A
Our blood has antibodies that are opposite to the antigens we have on our RBCs.
23
Q
What is the Rh factor?
A
It is an antigen that may be present on the RBC.
24
Q
What happens if you are Rh-?
A
It means you don’t have the antigen. You don’t normally have the D antibodies, but can make them if you are exposed to the Rh antigen.
25
What happens if Rh antigens and Rh antibodies mix?
Agglutination occurs
26
What happens if you are Rh+?
You have the antigen and don’t have the D antibodies.
27
Why is the Rh factor important in childbirth?
If an Rh- mom has an Rh+ baby, complications can occur with a second pregnancy. Can cause erythroblastosis (the baby dies/is still born). Can be prevented by an Rh immune globylin injection.
28
What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
29
What is the function of arteries?
To transport blood away from the heart.
30
Describe the structure, shape and location of arteries
Thick, elastic walls with no valves
Located usually deep, along bones
Walls can expand, heartbeat pumps blood through the arteries, resulting in high blood pressure which decreases as it gets further from the heart.
31
What is the function of arterioles?
Controls blood flow to capillaries.
32
Describe the structure and location of arterioles
Location - leading towards all capillaries
Small in diameter, thin walls, have pre-capillary sphincters that that can open and close and regulate blood pressure.
33
What is the function of capillaries?
Connects arteries to viens.
34
Describe the structure and location of capillaries
Very thing walls, low blood pressure and low velocity which allow for exchange of nutrients and wastes working cells.
Location - everywhere; within a few cells of each other.
35
What is the function of venules?
Drains blood from capillaries and moves blood towards the heart. Takes blood to veins.
36
Describe the structure and location of venules
Location - often near the surface
Thinner walls than veins
37
What is the function of veins?
Transports blood towards the heart. Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards, surrounded by skeletal muscle that squeezes blood along.
38
Describe the structure and location of veins
Inelastic walls, contain one way valves
Location - Often near the surface
Blood pressure and velocity is much lower than arteries
39
What controls movement at the capillaries?
Movement of nutrients, gases, and wastes in and out of the cell at the capillaries is controlled by varying levels of blood pressure and osmotic pressure.
40
What type of molecules can and cannot pass through the capillary wall?
Small molecules can pass through, but large cells like RBCs cannot.
41
Where do small molecules diffuse after diffusing out of the blood vessel?
Across the interstitial fluid and into cells.
42
What does interstitial fluid mean?
Fluid between cells.
43
Describe capillary fluid exchange on arteriole side
Net blood pressure (15 mmHg) forces water out of the blood into the extracellular fluid.
Water carries O2 and nutrients which diffuses into body cells
The blood becomes hyperosmotic because most of the water has diffused.
44
Describe capillary fluid exchange on venule side
Blood is concentrated (little water)
Net osmotic pressure (15mmHg) forces water back into the blood
Water carries with it CO2 and metabolic wastes (urea) from extracellular fluid into the blood
These are carried to kidneys and other organs to be removed.
45
What is intracellular fluid?
The fluid inside the cells
46
What does hepatic mean?
Liver
47
What does renal mean?
Kidney
48
What does pulmonary mean?
Lungs
49
What does an artery do?
Arteries move blood away from heart
50
What does a vein do?
Moves blood towards the heart
51
What does the aorta do?
Moves blood from heart to rest of body
52
What do the anterior and posterior vena cava do?
Move blood from body to heart
53
What does myocardium mean?
Muscle tissue that the heart is made of
54
What does pericardium mean?
The double membrane sac that surrounds the heart
55
What does pericardial fluid do?
It is between the myocardium and the pericardium to lubricate the heart to prevent friction.
56
What do coronary arteries do?
They are found on the outside of the heart and they feed the heart muscles nutrients. They bring oxygen rich blood from the aorta.
57
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
58
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs = pulmonary circuit
59
What does the left side of the heart do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body = systemic circuit
60
What is the atria?
It is the upper receiving chambers of the heart
61
What does the right atrium do?
Receives deoxygenated blood from body via superior and inferior vena cava
62
Where does the superior vena cava get blood?
From the head/arms
63
Where does the inferior vena cava get blood from?
From the legs and lower body
64
What does the left atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
65
What is a ventricle in the heart?
The lower sending chambers
66
What does the right ventricle do?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
67
Is a pulmonary artery oxygen poor or oxygen rich?
It is oxygen poor and it is one of the only arteries that is oxygen poor.
68
What does the left ventricle do?
Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends it to the body via the aorta.
69
Why is the left ventricle bigger and more muscular?
Because it has to be able to pump blood further
70
What 3 things do the atrioventricular valves do?
1. Separate atria from ventricles
2. They open only in one direction when the atria contract
3. They prevent the blood from going backward when the ventricles contract
71
What does the chordae tendinae do?
Tendon like piece of tissue that keeps the AV valves from inverting when the ventricles contract.
72
What are tendinae anchored in place by?
Papillary muscles
73
What does the septum do?
Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate
74
Describe the septum
A thick wall that seperates the left and right side of the heart
75
What do semilunar valves do?
Prevent back flow of blood
76
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
77
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
78
In the pulmonary circuit where does deoxygenated blood come from and through?
Form the head and arms and lower body via the superior and inferior vena cava. Into the right atrium
79
In the pulmonary circuit what does the right atrium do when deoxygenated blood arrives?
It contracts and pushes blood through the AV valve and into the right ventricle
80
In the pulmonary circuit what does the right ventricle do after it receives blood?
It contracts and the blood pressure forces the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and the blood moves into the pulmonary arteries towards the lungs
81
In the pulmonary circuit at the lungs what’s happens to CO2?
It is removed from the blood and it’s replaced with O2.
82
In the pulmonary circuit what do the pulmonary veins to the O2 blood?
They take the O2 blood to the left atrium of the heart.
83
In the pulmonary circuit what Carrie’s the oxygen?
The protein hemoglobin binds the O2 and Carrie’s it the the body cells as oxyhemoglobin.
84
In the systemic circuit where does oxygenated blood come from and where does it go?
From the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
85
In the systemic circuit when the left atrium receives oxygenated blood what does it do?
It contracts and pushes blood through the AV valve and into the left ventricle
86
In the systemic circuit what does the left ventricle do?
It contracts and the blood pressure forces the aortic semilunar valve to open and the blood moves into the aorta towards the body.
87
In the systemic circuit what happens at the cells?
The O2 is removed from the blood and is replaced with CO2
88
In the systemic circuit what do the inferior and posterior vena cava do?
They take the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart
89
What is the electric cardiac cycle?
This cycle is the heart beat self regulating. It is controlled by an electrical signal at two nodes.
90
Where is the SA node located?
Along the wall of the right atrium
91
What is the function of the SA node?
It stimulates the simultaneous contraction of the atria. It also sends a nerve impulse along a nerve to the AV node.
92
Where is the AV node located?
In the right atrium close to the AV valve
93
What is the function of the AV node?
When the AV node receives the impulse form the SA node it fires to initiate the contraction of the ventricles.
94
What does the AV node send its message through?
The purkinje fibres
95
What do the purkinje fibres do?
Cause the ventricles to contract
96
What does the medulla oblongata do?
In the brain it can send signals to the heart, telling it to increase or decrease
97
What is the SA mode connected to?
The brain by the vagus nerve and is regulated under the autonomic nervous system
98
What is an EKG?
An electrocardiogram is a record of the electrical impulses measured across the surface of the heart
99
In an EKG what does P mean
Atrial contraction
100
In an EKG what does Q,R,S mean?
Contraction of the ventricles
101
In an EKG what does T mean?
Relaxation of the ventricles
102
What does systolic pressure mean?
BP when the ventricles are contracting. Blood is forced through the arteries
103
What does Diastolic pressure mean?
BP as ventricles are refilling/relaxing. Between contractions and the blood pressure is less
104
Where is BP normally measured?
Along the Brachial artery or the arm using a sphygmomanometer
105
What is the normal BP?
120/80 mmHg
106
Where is BP high and where is it low?
Highest at the aorta, falls as it goes through the arteries, disappears in capillaries, low in veins
107
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure 150/100
108
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure 100/60
109
What factors affect BP?
Vessel diameter
Blood viscosity
Vessel elasticity
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Age
Stress
110
How does vessel size affect BP?
Bigger = lower BP
Smaller = higher BP
111
How does viscosity affect BP?
Thick blood = higher BP
Thin = lower BP
112
How does vessel elasticity affect BP?
Elastic vessels = lower BP
Hardened vessels = high BP
113
How does blood volume affect BP?
Sweat a lot = less volume/water = low BP
Eat lots of salt = more volume/water stays in the body = high BP
114
How does cardiac output affect BP?
Heart rate increases = higher BP
Heart rate decreases = low BP
115
How does age affect BP?
Young = very elastic = low BP
Old = not elastic = high BP
116
How does stress affect BP?
Stressed = constricted vessels = high BP
Calm = normal vessels = low BP
117
Does the fetus use its lungs?
No
118
Where does exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus take place
Placenta
119
What is the placenta?
A large disk of tissue attached to the uterine wall where the moms and baby’s blood vessels are right next to each other
120
What does the placenta do?
Allows for nutrient, waste, and gas exchange to occur
121
How do exchanges occur in the placenta?
Through diffusion
122
Does the blood of the mom and baby mix?
No
123
What four circulatory feature are only in the fetus?
Foramen ovale/ovale opening
Ductus arteriosis/arterial duct
Umbilical cord
Ductus vendais/Venus duct
124
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening that allows blood to bypass the lungs
125
What does the foramen ovale do?
Moves blood between the right atrium into the left atrium, skipping ventricles
126
What is the ductus arteriosis?
A small arterial connection, like a shunt
127
Where is the ductus arteriosis and what does it do?
Between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allows blood to bypass the lungs
128
What are the 3 blood vessels the umbilical cord has?
1 umbilical vein
2 umbilical arteries
129
What does the umbilical vein do?
Transports blood with oxygen and nutrients into the fetus. Towards the heart
Large
130
What are the umbilical arteries?
They branch off of the iliac arteries in the fetus and take wastes and co2 back into the mother via the placenta. Away from the heart.
131
What does the ductus venosus do?
Connects the umbilical vein to the vena cava. The o2 blood from the umbilical vein mixes with deo2 blood in the vena cava. It bypasses the liver. Blood is sent to the heart.
132
What is the change ‘the first breath’ that occurs at birth?
The first breath - the lungs are filled with air instead of fluid and higher o2 levels in the blood and alveoli results in an increase in pulmonary blood flow.
133
What is the change ‘anatomical’ that occurs at birth?
The placenta is removed from circulation
The foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ductus arteriosus close
134
What is step one to the path of blood through the fetus?
Blood collects in the right atrium
135
What is step two to the path of tabloid through the fetus?
Blood goes into the left atrium through the oval opening plus into right ventricle through the AV valve
136
What is step three to the path of blood through the fetus?
Right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? The lungs are not working, most blood goes through the arterial duct into aorta
137
What is step three to the path of blood through the fetus?
Right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? The lungs are not working, most blood goes through the arterial duct into aorta
138
What is step four to the path of blood through the fetus?
Aorta to the tissue - umbilical arteries lead to the placenta. Exchange of gases and nutrients
139
What is step five to the path of blood through the fetus?
Umbilical veins Carrie’s O2 rich blood that enters the venous duct and bypasses the liver
140
What is step six to the path of blood through the fetus?
Venous duct joins with the inferior vena cava. Mixes with deoxygenated blood; mixed blood goes back to the heart
141
What is the lymphatic system?
A system of thin walled vessels with valves that drain fluids from bodies tissue spaces
142
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
1. Take up excessive tissue fluids from the extracellular fluid
2. Transport fatty acids and glycerol (from intestines to subclavian vein)
3. Fight infection
4. Trap and remove cellular debris
143
What do lymph ducts and capillaries do? Describe them?
Drain and collect excess fluid from extracellular fluid. Cleansed lymph travels through lymph vein to the subclavian vein, where it is dumped into the blood at the anterior vena cava. Contains valves to prevent backflow.
144
What is a lymph node? What does it contain?
Site where lymph fluid is cleansed. Contains WBCs
145
What does a lacteal do?
Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol in the villi of the small intestine.
146
Describe tonsils
Part of the immune system, located at back of throat, capture bacteria and viruses that you breathe in, then WBC destroy them
147
Describe appendix
Attached to the large intestine stores beneficial bacteria and is able to reboot the intestine with this bacteria when it’s flushed out due to illness
148
Describe the spleen
Helps filter blood, recycles old blood cells, helps fight infections like menengitis
149
Describe the thymus gland
Site where WBCs called T-lymphocytes are prodcued
150
Describe the red bone marrow
Site wheee RBC and some WBC are made
151
Where does interstitial fluid and proteins in the lymph go?
Into the blood at the subclavian vein
152
Where is the subclavian vein and what does it do?
It’s near the collar bone and it takes the blood to the heart to be distributed to the rest of the body
