Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 - Mackenzie > Unit 6 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Circulatory System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

55% plasma liquid which contains:
91% water
7% proteins
2% salts, gases, wastes, hormones etc.

45% formed elements (solids):
RBC
WBC
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is another name for RBC?

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe RBC structure and shape

A

No nuclei
Biconcave disks
Lives for 120 days
Contains hemoglobin molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens
Made in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

Transports CO2 and O2 and H+ (acts like a buffer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do RBC transport oxygen?

A

RBC transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin. The Hb attaches to o2 when it’s cool, high pH, and low pressure at the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do RBCs transport CO2?

A

RBCs transport CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin. Hb drops oxygen and picks up CO2 when it’s warm, lower pH, and high pressure at the cells. Hb has a higher affinity for CO than O2 and becomes HbCO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do RBCs transport H+?

A

RBCs transport H+ as reduced Hb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

WBCs fight infections by producing antibodies or through phagocytosis (engulfing) of pathogen. Can squeeze out of blood vessels to attack invaders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the shape and structure of a WBC

A

Has a nucleus
Larger than RBCs
Fewer in number than RBCs
Made in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

The recognize micro tears in blood vessels and bind together to form a blood clot. Aid in blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe platelets

A

Fragments of cells
No nuclei
Irregular shape
Made in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is step one of the clot formation process?

A

An injury occurs, damaging cells. The body responds by sending blood to the site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is step two of the clot formation process?

A

Platelets detect damage and release a chemical that initiates a chain of reactions and changes a blood protein called fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is step three of the clot formation process?

A

The fibrin is long and string-like and clumps at the injury site, partially blocking blood from leaking out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is step four of the clot formation process?

A

More blood, platelets, and white blood cells arrive at the site, creating a scab and puss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an antigen that is in all body cells?

A

An identification glycoprotein on a RBC.
Antigen A and antigen B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four blood types and what type of antigen do they have?

A

Antigen A - type A blood
Antigen B - type B blood
Antigens A + B - type AB blood
No antigens - type O blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein designed to combat any foreign protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does an antibody do and how is it made?

A

Binds to foreign proteins with foreign antigens causing agglutination (clumping)
WBCs then destroy agglutinated cells
Antibodies are made by WBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do we not attack our own blood?

A

Our blood has antibodies that are opposite to the antigens we have on our RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

It is an antigen that may be present on the RBC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if you are Rh-?

A

It means you don’t have the antigen. You don’t normally have the D antibodies, but can make them if you are exposed to the Rh antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens if Rh antigens and Rh antibodies mix?

A

Agglutination occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens if you are Rh+?

A

You have the antigen and don’t have the D antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is the Rh factor important in childbirth?

A

If an Rh- mom has an Rh+ baby, complications can occur with a second pregnancy. Can cause erythroblastosis (the baby dies/is still born). Can be prevented by an Rh immune globylin injection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To transport blood away from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the structure, shape and location of arteries

A

Thick, elastic walls with no valves
Located usually deep, along bones
Walls can expand, heartbeat pumps blood through the arteries, resulting in high blood pressure which decreases as it gets further from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Controls blood flow to capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the structure and location of arterioles

A

Location - leading towards all capillaries
Small in diameter, thin walls, have pre-capillary sphincters that that can open and close and regulate blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Connects arteries to viens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the structure and location of capillaries

A

Very thing walls, low blood pressure and low velocity which allow for exchange of nutrients and wastes working cells.
Location - everywhere; within a few cells of each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

Drains blood from capillaries and moves blood towards the heart. Takes blood to veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the structure and location of venules

A

Location - often near the surface
Thinner walls than veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Transports blood towards the heart. Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards, surrounded by skeletal muscle that squeezes blood along.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the structure and location of veins

A

Inelastic walls, contain one way valves
Location - Often near the surface
Blood pressure and velocity is much lower than arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What controls movement at the capillaries?

A

Movement of nutrients, gases, and wastes in and out of the cell at the capillaries is controlled by varying levels of blood pressure and osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of molecules can and cannot pass through the capillary wall?

A

Small molecules can pass through, but large cells like RBCs cannot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where do small molecules diffuse after diffusing out of the blood vessel?

A

Across the interstitial fluid and into cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does interstitial fluid mean?

A

Fluid between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe capillary fluid exchange on arteriole side

A

Net blood pressure (15 mmHg) forces water out of the blood into the extracellular fluid.
Water carries O2 and nutrients which diffuses into body cells
The blood becomes hyperosmotic because most of the water has diffused.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe capillary fluid exchange on venule side

A

Blood is concentrated (little water)
Net osmotic pressure (15mmHg) forces water back into the blood
Water carries with it CO2 and metabolic wastes (urea) from extracellular fluid into the blood
These are carried to kidneys and other organs to be removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

The fluid inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does hepatic mean?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does renal mean?

A

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does pulmonary mean?

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does an artery do?

A

Arteries move blood away from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does a vein do?

A

Moves blood towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Moves blood from heart to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do the anterior and posterior vena cava do?

A

Move blood from body to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does myocardium mean?

A

Muscle tissue that the heart is made of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does pericardium mean?

A

The double membrane sac that surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does pericardial fluid do?

A

It is between the myocardium and the pericardium to lubricate the heart to prevent friction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

They are found on the outside of the heart and they feed the heart muscles nutrients. They bring oxygen rich blood from the aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs = pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body = systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the atria?

A

It is the upper receiving chambers of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from body via superior and inferior vena cava

62
Q

Where does the superior vena cava get blood?

A

From the head/arms

63
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava get blood from?

A

From the legs and lower body

64
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

65
Q

What is a ventricle in the heart?

A

The lower sending chambers

66
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

67
Q

Is a pulmonary artery oxygen poor or oxygen rich?

A

It is oxygen poor and it is one of the only arteries that is oxygen poor.

68
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends it to the body via the aorta.

69
Q

Why is the left ventricle bigger and more muscular?

A

Because it has to be able to pump blood further

70
Q

What 3 things do the atrioventricular valves do?

A
  1. Separate atria from ventricles
  2. They open only in one direction when the atria contract
  3. They prevent the blood from going backward when the ventricles contract
71
Q

What does the chordae tendinae do?

A

Tendon like piece of tissue that keeps the AV valves from inverting when the ventricles contract.

72
Q

What are tendinae anchored in place by?

A

Papillary muscles

73
Q

What does the septum do?

A

Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate

74
Q

Describe the septum

A

A thick wall that seperates the left and right side of the heart

75
Q

What do semilunar valves do?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

76
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

77
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

78
Q

In the pulmonary circuit where does deoxygenated blood come from and through?

A

Form the head and arms and lower body via the superior and inferior vena cava. Into the right atrium

79
Q

In the pulmonary circuit what does the right atrium do when deoxygenated blood arrives?

A

It contracts and pushes blood through the AV valve and into the right ventricle

80
Q

In the pulmonary circuit what does the right ventricle do after it receives blood?

A

It contracts and the blood pressure forces the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and the blood moves into the pulmonary arteries towards the lungs

81
Q

In the pulmonary circuit at the lungs what’s happens to CO2?

A

It is removed from the blood and it’s replaced with O2.

82
Q

In the pulmonary circuit what do the pulmonary veins to the O2 blood?

A

They take the O2 blood to the left atrium of the heart.

83
Q

In the pulmonary circuit what Carrie’s the oxygen?

A

The protein hemoglobin binds the O2 and Carrie’s it the the body cells as oxyhemoglobin.

84
Q

In the systemic circuit where does oxygenated blood come from and where does it go?

A

From the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

85
Q

In the systemic circuit when the left atrium receives oxygenated blood what does it do?

A

It contracts and pushes blood through the AV valve and into the left ventricle

86
Q

In the systemic circuit what does the left ventricle do?

A

It contracts and the blood pressure forces the aortic semilunar valve to open and the blood moves into the aorta towards the body.

87
Q

In the systemic circuit what happens at the cells?

A

The O2 is removed from the blood and is replaced with CO2

88
Q

In the systemic circuit what do the inferior and posterior vena cava do?

A

They take the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart

89
Q

What is the electric cardiac cycle?

A

This cycle is the heart beat self regulating. It is controlled by an electrical signal at two nodes.

90
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Along the wall of the right atrium

91
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A

It stimulates the simultaneous contraction of the atria. It also sends a nerve impulse along a nerve to the AV node.

92
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

In the right atrium close to the AV valve

93
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

When the AV node receives the impulse form the SA node it fires to initiate the contraction of the ventricles.

94
Q

What does the AV node send its message through?

A

The purkinje fibres

95
Q

What do the purkinje fibres do?

A

Cause the ventricles to contract

96
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

In the brain it can send signals to the heart, telling it to increase or decrease

97
Q

What is the SA mode connected to?

A

The brain by the vagus nerve and is regulated under the autonomic nervous system

98
Q

What is an EKG?

A

An electrocardiogram is a record of the electrical impulses measured across the surface of the heart

99
Q

In an EKG what does P mean

A

Atrial contraction

100
Q

In an EKG what does Q,R,S mean?

A

Contraction of the ventricles

101
Q

In an EKG what does T mean?

A

Relaxation of the ventricles

102
Q

What does systolic pressure mean?

A

BP when the ventricles are contracting. Blood is forced through the arteries

103
Q

What does Diastolic pressure mean?

A

BP as ventricles are refilling/relaxing. Between contractions and the blood pressure is less

104
Q

Where is BP normally measured?

A

Along the Brachial artery or the arm using a sphygmomanometer

105
Q

What is the normal BP?

A

120/80 mmHg

106
Q

Where is BP high and where is it low?

A

Highest at the aorta, falls as it goes through the arteries, disappears in capillaries, low in veins

107
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure 150/100

108
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure 100/60

109
Q

What factors affect BP?

A

Vessel diameter
Blood viscosity
Vessel elasticity
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Age
Stress

110
Q

How does vessel size affect BP?

A

Bigger = lower BP
Smaller = higher BP

111
Q

How does viscosity affect BP?

A

Thick blood = higher BP
Thin = lower BP

112
Q

How does vessel elasticity affect BP?

A

Elastic vessels = lower BP
Hardened vessels = high BP

113
Q

How does blood volume affect BP?

A

Sweat a lot = less volume/water = low BP
Eat lots of salt = more volume/water stays in the body = high BP

114
Q

How does cardiac output affect BP?

A

Heart rate increases = higher BP
Heart rate decreases = low BP

115
Q

How does age affect BP?

A

Young = very elastic = low BP
Old = not elastic = high BP

116
Q

How does stress affect BP?

A

Stressed = constricted vessels = high BP
Calm = normal vessels = low BP

117
Q

Does the fetus use its lungs?

A

No

118
Q

Where does exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus take place

A

Placenta

119
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A large disk of tissue attached to the uterine wall where the moms and baby’s blood vessels are right next to each other

120
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Allows for nutrient, waste, and gas exchange to occur

121
Q

How do exchanges occur in the placenta?

A

Through diffusion

122
Q

Does the blood of the mom and baby mix?

A

No

123
Q

What four circulatory feature are only in the fetus?

A

Foramen ovale/ovale opening
Ductus arteriosis/arterial duct
Umbilical cord
Ductus vendais/Venus duct

124
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

An opening that allows blood to bypass the lungs

125
Q

What does the foramen ovale do?

A

Moves blood between the right atrium into the left atrium, skipping ventricles

126
Q

What is the ductus arteriosis?

A

A small arterial connection, like a shunt

127
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosis and what does it do?

A

Between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allows blood to bypass the lungs

128
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels the umbilical cord has?

A

1 umbilical vein
2 umbilical arteries

129
Q

What does the umbilical vein do?

A

Transports blood with oxygen and nutrients into the fetus. Towards the heart
Large

130
Q

What are the umbilical arteries?

A

They branch off of the iliac arteries in the fetus and take wastes and co2 back into the mother via the placenta. Away from the heart.

131
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A

Connects the umbilical vein to the vena cava. The o2 blood from the umbilical vein mixes with deo2 blood in the vena cava. It bypasses the liver. Blood is sent to the heart.

132
Q

What is the change ‘the first breath’ that occurs at birth?

A

The first breath - the lungs are filled with air instead of fluid and higher o2 levels in the blood and alveoli results in an increase in pulmonary blood flow.

133
Q

What is the change ‘anatomical’ that occurs at birth?

A

The placenta is removed from circulation
The foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ductus arteriosus close

134
Q

What is step one to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Blood collects in the right atrium

135
Q

What is step two to the path of tabloid through the fetus?

A

Blood goes into the left atrium through the oval opening plus into right ventricle through the AV valve

136
Q

What is step three to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? The lungs are not working, most blood goes through the arterial duct into aorta

137
Q

What is step three to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? The lungs are not working, most blood goes through the arterial duct into aorta

138
Q

What is step four to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Aorta to the tissue - umbilical arteries lead to the placenta. Exchange of gases and nutrients

139
Q

What is step five to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Umbilical veins Carrie’s O2 rich blood that enters the venous duct and bypasses the liver

140
Q

What is step six to the path of blood through the fetus?

A

Venous duct joins with the inferior vena cava. Mixes with deoxygenated blood; mixed blood goes back to the heart

141
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of thin walled vessels with valves that drain fluids from bodies tissue spaces

142
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Take up excessive tissue fluids from the extracellular fluid
  2. Transport fatty acids and glycerol (from intestines to subclavian vein)
  3. Fight infection
  4. Trap and remove cellular debris
143
Q

What do lymph ducts and capillaries do? Describe them?

A

Drain and collect excess fluid from extracellular fluid. Cleansed lymph travels through lymph vein to the subclavian vein, where it is dumped into the blood at the anterior vena cava. Contains valves to prevent backflow.

144
Q

What is a lymph node? What does it contain?

A

Site where lymph fluid is cleansed. Contains WBCs

145
Q

What does a lacteal do?

A

Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol in the villi of the small intestine.

146
Q

Describe tonsils

A

Part of the immune system, located at back of throat, capture bacteria and viruses that you breathe in, then WBC destroy them

147
Q

Describe appendix

A

Attached to the large intestine stores beneficial bacteria and is able to reboot the intestine with this bacteria when it’s flushed out due to illness

148
Q

Describe the spleen

A

Helps filter blood, recycles old blood cells, helps fight infections like menengitis

149
Q

Describe the thymus gland

A

Site where WBCs called T-lymphocytes are prodcued

150
Q

Describe the red bone marrow

A

Site wheee RBC and some WBC are made

151
Q

Where does interstitial fluid and proteins in the lymph go?

A

Into the blood at the subclavian vein

152
Q

Where is the subclavian vein and what does it do?

A

It’s near the collar bone and it takes the blood to the heart to be distributed to the rest of the body

Biology 12 - Mackenzie (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions