Unit 7 - Motivation, Emotional, and Personality (Book/Slides)

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Question 3

Instinct Theory

Answer 3

Evolutionary psychology helps explain behavioral similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past.

Question 4

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 4

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

A tendency to maintain a balance or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Question 6

Incentive

Answer 6

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Difficult task = Low Arousal | Easy Task = High Arousal

Question 8

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 9

Physiological Needs

Answer 9

First level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focused on need to satisfy hunger and thirst.

Question 10

Safety Needs

Answer 10

Second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focused on need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe.

Question 11

Belongingness and Love Needs

Answer 11

Third level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focused on need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation.

Question 12

Esteem Needs

Answer 12

Fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focused on need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others.

Question 13

Self-Actualization Needs

Answer 13

Fifth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focused on need to live up to our fullest and unique potential.

Question 14

Glucose

Answer 14

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Question 15

Set Point

Answer 15

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 16

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 16

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 17

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 17

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 18

Refractory Period

Answer 18

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Question 19

Sexual Dysfunction

Answer 19

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Question 20

Estrogen

Answer 20

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

Question 21

Emotion

Answer 21

A response of the whole organism, involving
(1) Physiological arousal
(2) Expressive behaviors
(3) Conscious experience

Question 22

James-Lange Theory

Answer 22

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Question 23

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 23

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
(1) Physiological responses
(2) Subjective experience of emotion.

Question 24

Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer)

Answer 24

The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must
(1) Be physically aroused
(2) Cognitively label the arousal

Question 25

Zajonc; LeDoux Theory

Answer 25

Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.

Question 26

Lazarus Theory

Answer 26

Cognitive appraisal sometimes without our awareness - defines emotion.

Question 27

Stress

Answer 27

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 28

Catastophes: Stress

Answer 28

Catastrophes are unpredictable large-scale events such as wars, earthquakes, floods, and famines. Nearly everyone appraises catastrophes as threatening.

Question 29

Significant Life Changes: Stress

Answer 29

Form of stress.

Question 30

Daily Hassles: Stress

Answer 30

Form of stress.

Question 31

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 31

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 32

GAS: Alarm

Answer 32

Phase 1 of GAS where your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated, heart rate increases, and feelings of shock.

Question 33

GAS: Resistance

Answer 33

Phase 2 of GAS where temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Adrenal glands pump hormones into bloodstream, body is fully engaged, and all resources are summoned to meet the challenge.

Question 34

GAS: Exhaustion

Answer 34

Phase 3 of GAS where body’s reserves begin to run out. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death.

Question 35

Tend-and-Befriend Response

Answer 35

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Question 36

Psychophysiological Illness

Answer 36

Literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Question 37

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 37

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 38

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 38

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Question 39

Type A Personality

Answer 39

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Question 40

Type B Personality

Answer 40

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 41

Personality

Answer 41

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 42

Free Association

Answer 42

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Question 43

Psychoanalysis

Answer 43

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Question 44

Unconscious

Answer 44

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Question 45

ID

Answer 45

According to Freud, a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 46

Ego

Answer 46

According to Freud, the largely conscious, “executive” part of the personality that mediates among the demands o the id, superego, and reality, The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.