Unit 6 - Developmental Psychology (Slides)

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Question 3

Embryo

Answer 3

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Question 4

Fetus

Answer 4

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Question 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 6

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain similarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Question 9

Cognition

Answer 9

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Question 11

Assimilation

Answer 11

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Question 12

Accomodation

Answer 12

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Question 13

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 13

In Piaget’s theory, the stage from birth to about 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. (Development: Object Permanence & Stranger Anxiety)

Question 14

Object Permanence

Answer 14

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 15

Preoperational Stage

Answer 15

In Piaget’s theory, the stage from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. (Development: Pretend Play & Egocentrism)

Question 16

Conservation

Answer 16

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despiEgocentte changes in the forms of object. (Concrete Operational)

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Question 18

Theory of Mind

Answer 18

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Question 19

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 19

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. (Development: Conservation & Mathematical Transformations)

Question 20

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 20

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. (Development: Abstract Logic & Potential for mature moral reasoning)

Question 21

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 21

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Question 22

Attachment

Answer 22

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Question 23

Critical Period

Answer 23

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.I

Question 24

Imprinting

Answer 24

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period.

Question 25

Temperament

Answer 25

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Question 26

Basic Trust

Answer 26

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Question 27

Self-Concept

Answer 27

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Question 28

Authoritarian

Answer 28

Parents impose rules and expect obedience.

Question 29

Permissive

Answer 29

Parents submit to their children’s desires. They make few demands and use little punishment.

Question 30

Authoritative

Answer 30

Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but also explain the reason for rules.

Question 31

Adolescence

Answer 31

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Question 32

Preconventional Morality

Answer 32

Kohlberg’s stage of morality before age 9 that focuses on self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.

Question 33

Conventional Morality

Answer 33

Kohlberg’s stage of morality in early adolescence that focuses on upholding laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.

Question 34

Postconventional Morality

Answer 34

Kohlberg’s stage of morality during adolescence and beyond that focuses on actions that reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.

Question 35

Identity

Answer 35

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Question 36

Social Identity

Answer 36

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

Question 37

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 37

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development during infancy where if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Question 38

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Answer 38

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from 1 to 3 years of age where toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Question 39

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 39

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from 3 to 6 years of age where kid learns to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Question 40

Competence vs. Inferiority

Answer 40

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from age 6 to puberty where children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Question 41

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 41

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from teen into 20s where teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

Question 42

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 42

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from 20s to early 40s where young adults struggle to form c;ose relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Question 43

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 43

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development from 40s to 60s in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Question 44

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 44

Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development beyond late 60s where one reflecting on their life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Question 45

Intimacy

Answer 45

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 46

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 46

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Question 47

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 47

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Question 48

Longitudinal Study

Answer 48

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Question 49

Social Clock

Answer 49

The culturally preferred timing o social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 50

Gender

Answer 50

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.

Question 51

Aggression

Answer 51

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Question 52

Gender Role

Answer 52

A set of expected behaviors for males or females.

Question 53

Role

Answer 53

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Question 54

Gender Identity

Answer 54

Our sense of being male or female.

Question 55

Social Learning Theory

Answer 55

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Question 56

Gender Typing

Answer 56

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 57

X Chromosome

Answer 57

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Question 58

Y Chromosome

Answer 58

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Question 59

Testosterone

Answer 59

The most important of the male sex hormones.Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 60

Puberty

Answer 60

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 61

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 61

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 62

Secondary Sex Charcteristics

Answer 62

Non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Question 63

Menarche

Answer 63

The first menstrual period.

Question 64

Sexual Orientation

Answer 64

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex, the other sex, or both sexes.