Unit 7: Motivation Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
maintenance of a steady internal state
incentives
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law
moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger
basal metabolic rate
the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic bodily functions
personality
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
psychoanalysis
- Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
- Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretation of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patients to gain self-insight
unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method ofexploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
id
a reservoir of unconsciou psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ego
the largely consious executive part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Operates on the reality principle, satisfying id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
superego
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations
grit
passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
emotions
a response of the whole organism involving:
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience
James-Lange theory
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers:
1. physiological responses
2. subjective experience of emotion
but completely separately
two-factor theory
Scachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must:
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitvely label the arousal
insulin
controls blood glucose
ghrelin
appetite hormone secreted by an empty stomach
leptin
appetite hormone secreted by fat cells
orexin
appetite hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
PYY
appetite hormone secreted by the digestive tract
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
behavior feedback effect
tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
stress
process of appraising and responding to a threatening/challenging event called a stressor
general adaption syndrom (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases—
1. alarm (sympathetic NS becomes active)
2. resistance (hormones, temperature and respiration remain high-can exhaust body’s reserves after a while)
3. exhaustion (become vulnerable to illness, collapse and death)
tend and befriend response
under stress, people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond with and seeks support from others
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
catharsis
the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
positive psychology
scientific study of human flourishingm with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate quality of life
adaption level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
fixate
the lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
collective unconscious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings
traits
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
personality inventories
a questionnaire designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely researched and clinically used personality test; originally developed to identify emotional disorders
empirically derived
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate b/w groups
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
self-efficacy
a belief in one’s ability to be successful in the future in a specific task
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
