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AP Psych > Unit 7: Motivation > Flashcards

Unit 7: Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a steady internal state

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5
Q

incentives

A

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

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7
Q

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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8
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger

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9
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic bodily functions

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10
Q

personality

A

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

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11
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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11
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  1. Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
  2. Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretation of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patients to gain self-insight
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12
Q

unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

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13
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method ofexploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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14
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconsciou psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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15
Q

ego

A

the largely consious executive part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Operates on the reality principle, satisfying id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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16
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations

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17
Q

grit

A

passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal

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18
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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19
Q

emotions

A

a response of the whole organism involving:
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience

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20
Q

James-Lange theory

A

theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers:
1. physiological responses
2. subjective experience of emotion
but completely separately

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22
Q

two-factor theory

A

Scachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must:
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitvely label the arousal

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23
Q

insulin

A

controls blood glucose

24
Q

ghrelin

A

appetite hormone secreted by an empty stomach

25
Q

leptin

A

appetite hormone secreted by fat cells

26
Q

orexin

A

appetite hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

27
Q

PYY

A

appetite hormone secreted by the digestive tract

28
Q

facial feedback effect

A

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

29
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

30
Q

stress

A

process of appraising and responding to a threatening/challenging event called a stressor

31
Q

general adaption syndrom (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases—
1. alarm (sympathetic NS becomes active)
2. resistance (hormones, temperature and respiration remain high-can exhaust body’s reserves after a while)
3. exhaustion (become vulnerable to illness, collapse and death)

32
Q

tend and befriend response

A

under stress, people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond with and seeks support from others

33
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

34
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

35
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

36
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

37
Q

catharsis

A

the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

38
Q

positive psychology

A

scientific study of human flourishingm with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

39
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate quality of life

40
Q

adaption level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

41
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

42
Q

projective test

A

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

43
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

44
Q

identification

A

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

45
Q

fixate

A

the lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

46
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

47
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

48
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

49
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation

50
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings

51
Q

traits

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

52
Q

personality inventories

A

a questionnaire designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

53
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

most widely researched and clinically used personality test; originally developed to identify emotional disorders

54
Q

empirically derived

A

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate b/w groups

55
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

56
Q

self-efficacy

A

a belief in one’s ability to be successful in the future in a specific task

57
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

58
Q
A

AP Psych (8 decks)

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