Unit 7. Mitochondrial Energetics and functions Flashcards
part of slide 10
1
Q
_____: pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate
A
glycolysis
2
Q
3 dietary sources that can be used to create pyruvate
A
proteins
polysaccharides
fats
3
Q
Name 2 other names for krebs cycle
A
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle citric acid cycle
4
Q
Main fxn of the kreb cycle
A
metabolize Acetyl-CoA for energy release
5
Q
The Kreb cycle uses _____ for energy release
A
Acetyl-CoA
6
Q
Acetyl CoA comes from aerobic catabolism of (3 things)
A
AA
fatty acids
Carbs
7
Q
Anarobic catabolism for NRG sources occurs in the _____
A
cytosol
8
Q
Aerobic catolism of carbs, FA and AA to form pyruvate occurs in the _____
A
mitochondria
9
Q
What two intermediates can be transaminated to form AA
A
oxaloacetate –> asparate
alpha ketoglutarate –> glutamate
10
Q
______–> _____ is the holding pattern in the kreb cycle
A
citrate (6C) –> Isocitrate(6C)
11
Q
Nmeumonic for the kreb cycle
A
cindy is kinky so she fornicates more often
12
Q
Order of the intermediates in the kreb cycle
A
OAA- citrate- isocitrate- alph ketoglutarate- succinyl Coa- succinate- fumarate - malate- OAA
13
Q
Kreb cycle is involved in _____ synthesis
A
AA
14
Q
the Kreb cycle donates an amino group to the ___cycle
A
urea
15
Q
What AA donates an amino group to the urea cycle
A
asparate
16
Q
The Kreb cycle reduces ____ and ____
A
NAD & FAD
17
Q
The kreb cycle is involved in _____ synthesis
A
heme
18
Q
OAA –> aspartic acid is a _____ process
A
transamination
19
Q
aspartic acid –> fumarate is a _____ process
A
deamination
20
Q
Succinate + _____ makes heme
A
glycine
21
Q
At what intermediate is heme formed within the kreb cycle
A
succinate
22
Q
What are the four functions of the kreb cycle
A
- metabolize acetyl-coa
- AA synthesis
- connects with urea cycle
- involved in heme synthesis
23
Q
Storage form of NRG created in the Kreb cycle
A
3NAHD
1 FADH2
1 GTP
24
Q
The 2 C is _____ are oxidized to CO2 during kreb cycle
A
acetyl -CoA
25
What does transamination mean?
transfer of an amine
26
Sum of CoA-SH ___ in Kreb
2
27
Sum of NADH ___ in Kreb
3
28
Sum of FADH2 ___ in Kreb
1
29
Sum of GTP ___ in Kreb
1
30
Sum of CO2 __ in Kreb
1
31
Sum of Kreb :
| __ CoA-SH + __ NADH + ___FADH2 + __GTP + ____ CO2
2 CoA-SH
3 NADH
1FADH2
1GTP
2CO2
32
2 Carbons are __ to CO2
oxidized
33
The NRG from oxidizing CO2 from 2 carbons is stored as _____
GTP, NADH, FADH2
34
NADH and FADH2 are ____. They are molec that enable or enhance enzymes that store energy
coenzymes
35
def: _____: a molecule that enables or enhances enzymes
coenzymes
36
NADH and FADH2 are utilized during that reaction
oxidative phosphorylation
37
As citrate goes through the cycle, how many carbons are liberated as CO2?
2
Loses it as a carboxyl group
38
For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, ___ molec. of NADH and ___ molec. of FADH2 are produced
3 NADH
| 1 FADH2
39
___ acetyl- CoA molecules are produced from each glucose
2 acetyl- CoA
= 2 cycles are required per glucose
40
How many kreb cycles can occur from one glucose ?
| Why?
2 cycles are required per glucose
2 acetyle-CoA are produced for each glucose = 2 cycles can occur
41
Per glucose: __ GTP, ___NADH, ____FADH2, __CO2,___ Acetyl CoA
```
2 GTP
6NAHD
2 FADH2
4CO2
2 Acetyl CoA
```
42
Per pyruvate:: ___GTP, ___NADH, ___ FADH2, ___CO2
1GTP
3NADH
1FADH2
2CO2
43
More ___ is needed to stimulate formation of extra OAA to increase citrate synthesis
acetyl-CoA
44
During what rxn within Krebs is NADH produced
isocitrate--> KG
KG--> succinate-CoA
Malate--> OAA
45
During what rxn within Krebs is CO2 produces
Isocitrate --> KG
| KG--> Succinate CoA
46
During what Kreb cycle rxn is GTP produced
Succinate-CoA--> succinate
- the CoA is cleaved off
47
During what reactions is CoA cleaved off ?
OAA--> Citrate
| Succinate-CoA--> succinate
48
During what Kreb cycle rxn is FADH produced
succinate--> fumarate
49
What NRG storage molecules are present in a LOW NRG state?
ADP, NAD, FAD
50
What NRG storage molecules are present in a HIGH NRG state?
ATP, NADH, FADH2
51
the body is a __ NRG state when you are sitting on the couch
High NRG state
52
What NRG storage molecules would be present when the Kreb cycle is stim
ADP, NAD, FAD
Low NRG state -> wants to use this to make NRG
53
___ ATP produced for every 1 NADH
3 ATPs
54
___ATP produced for every 1 FADH2
2 ATP
55
a single cycle of the kreb cycle will produce ____ ATP
11
56
Divalent cations (like Ca2+) activate the ___ of the kreb cycle
dehydrogenase
57
_____ATP concentrations favor Kreb cycle
Low ATP
| High NRG STATE
58
High Levels of NAD will activate which enzyme in the Kreb cycle
Citrate Synthase
59
High levels of ADP will stim what enzyme in the kreb cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
| Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
60
High levels of Mg2+ will stim ____ enzyme in kreb cycle
succinate thiokinase dehydrogenase
61
What enzymes will be inhibited by high ATP concentrations
citrate synthase
| Isocitrate dehydrogenase
62
What Enzyme will be inhibited by high NADH levels
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
| alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
63
Which enzyme will be inhibited with high levels of FA and ketone bodies
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
64
What enzyme will be inhibited by OAA
succinate thioinase/ dehydrogenase
65
_____ the breakdown of sugars
carbohydrate catabolism
66
_____ pathway breaks glucose (6C) down into 2 pyruvate (3C) before it enters into krebs
glycolysis
67
After glycolysis, pyruvate moves into the _____ in the cell
mitochondria
68
After gylcolysis, pyruvate moves into the mitcho. and is coverted into _____
acetyl-CoA
- to enter into the Kreb's cycle
69
______: proteins are broken down by proteases into AA
protein catabolism
70
proteins are broken by by ____ into AA before entering into krebs
proteases
71
Fat catabolism involves ______ being hydrolyzed into FA and ____
triglycerides
hydrolyzed into FA & glycerol
72
glycerol is convered into glucose in the liver by way of _____
gluconeogenesis
73
Is tis (ex. heart) FA are broken down through the process of ____ which results in acetyl- CoA
beta oxidation
74
through what process can a FA be produced from the kreb cycle
citrate --> acetyl CoA --> FA
75
Name 4 biproducts can can be produced from the Kreb cycle
2 AA: asp & glu
Heme
FA
76
Is the body is in a High NRG state and doesnt need to go through Kreb the citrate can be sent out to the _______ to be further converted to FA
cytosol
77
Name the 2 AA that can not be make up the Kreb cycle or go through the kreb
Luesine & Lysine
- they are exclusively ketogenic
78
What are to AA that are exclusively ketogenic
Luesine and lysine
79
The total NRG gained from the complete breakdown of one molec of glucose by glycolysis, kreb, and oxidative phosphorylation is _____ ATP
38
80
The citric cycle is called an ______ pathway bc it has catabolism and anabolism
amphibolic pathway
81
The citric acid cycle is always followed by ______
oxidative phosphorylation
82
____ is the primary e- donor in the ETC
NADH
83
Complex ___, __, and ____ are proton pumps in the ETC
I, II, and IV
84
___ and ___ are mobile electron carriers in the ETC
Q & cytochrome C
85
The e- acceptor is____ in the ETC
oxygen
86
ATP is generated from ADP + Pi by _____ in the ETC
ATP Synthase
87
Location of ETC
inner mitochondrial membrane
88
______: using O2 to oxidize NADH and FADH2 to release NRG for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
89
Complex I of ETC: ______ dependent dehydrogenase
NADH
90
Complex III: _______ dependent dehydrogenase
FADH2
91
Oxidation of NADH in ETC makes ____ ATP
3
92
Oxidation of FAHD2 in ETC makes ____ ATP
2
93
Electrons released from ___ flow thru the ETC
H+
94
proton gradient pumps H+ from the ____ to the intermembrane space
matrix
95
The electrical potential difference (neg. on the matrix side) creased the ______force in ETC
proton motive force
96
______ force drives the ATP Synthase to make ATP in the ETC
proton motive force
97
____ : bind to members of the ETC and prevent the flow of e-'s
(give 3 ex)
ETC blockers
ex: H2S, CO, CN
98
(2) NADH dehydrogenase blockers In ETC
barbiturates
| rotenone
99
ATP inhibitor in ETC
oligomycin
100
Blocker of complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) in ETC
H2S, CO, CN
