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English A Level Terminology > Unit 7 - Language Change > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Early modern English

A

Used between 1500 and 1800

Mark by relatively sudden distinct change in pronunciation + European lexis + Latin and Greek lexis

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2
Q

Graphology

A

The study of writing forms such as the alphabet

Writing systems of the language, visual elements on the page

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3
Q

Grammar

A

The rules for organising meaning in the language – syntax

Relate to the rules for the appropriate use of a language – word order, meaning

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4
Q

Orthography

A

Part of a language concerned with letters in spelling

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5
Q

Phonology

A

Pronunciation and sound patterns which affect understanding of words

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6
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of the ways in which language is used in a social context – how the context in which words and phrases are use affect their meanings

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7
Q

Morphology

Lexis

A

Structure of words with their meaning

The vocabulary of a language

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8
Q

Semantics

A

The study of the meaning of words

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9
Q

Syntax

A

The order of the words in a sentence

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10
Q

Old English

A

Language of Anglo-Saxon settlers

Used until 1100

Modern English lexis is closely derived from old English, however, old English form is drastically different to new English

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11
Q

Middle English

A

Spoken and written language which emerged after the Norman invasion

Dated from 1100 to 1500

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12
Q

Early modern English

A

1500 to 1800

Contains the great vowel shift

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13
Q

Great vowel shift

A

A series of changes, which lasted approximately 200 years, affecting the pronunciation of English, and effecting the vowels used
~> 1400 - 1700

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14
Q

Late modern English

A

Used from 1800s to present day

Change was initiated by scientific/social development, in order to establish rules of a language
Example of social/industrial development: colonialism; industrial revolution

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15
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Takes place during the 18th and 19th centuries

Affected areas such as fashion, food, leisure, medicine, chemistry, psychology.
Creating words such as locomotive; Cereal; rugby; ambulance; halogen

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16
Q

British English

Colonialism

A

This is the variety of English spoken by people in Britain

When a country claims ownership and takes control of another land, usually accompanied by an intention to gain wealth from the product of that country

Colonialism was use to help spread English

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17
Q

Archaic

A

Belongs to the past

Examples can be: thou; thee; hast; ye

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18
Q

Obsolete

A

No longer in use; after the meaning is no longer understood

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19
Q

Lexis

A

All the words in a language

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20
Q

Derivation

A

Forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix

Example: happy ~> happiness

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21
Q

Coinage

A

Creation of a new word which people start to use

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22
Q

Neologism

A

Is a newly invented word

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23
Q

Eponym 

A

A word which takes the name of its inventor or discoverer

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24
Q

Prefix

Suffix

Root/stem

A

A group of latest added to the beginning of a word to make a new word

A group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word

The part of a word which cannot be changed and which can be added to for a change in meaning– these add ones would be prefixes and suffixes

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25
Q

Conversion

A

Creating a new word, a new word class, from an existing one or a completely new word class

Example: green – represents the colour green; green – in Horseriding represents a young untrained horse

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26
Q

Telescoping

A

Contraction of the word/phrase

Example: biologically degradable ~> biodegradable

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27
Q

Compounding

A

Forming a new word from two or more units

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28
Q

Blending

A

Forming a new world by joining the beginning of one word to the end of another

Example: smoke and fog ~> smog

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29
Q

clipping

A

Shortening of longer words

Example: mathematics ~> math

30
Q

Coalescence

A

The phonological process whereby to sound merge into one

Example: WH pronounced as W

31
Q

Back formation

A

Formation of a simpler word from an existing one that appears to be derived from it

This is a form of clipping

Example: enthusiasm ~> enthuse

32
Q

Reduplication

A

Sounds are repeated with identical or only very slight change – characteristic of infant speech

Example: quack quack

33
Q

Borrowing

A

Introduction of specific words/construction, Oh morphological elements from one language to another

This has enrich the English Lexus by incorporating words from languages of invaders and settlers

Example: Latin = Pictura; flamma; schola
Greek = Cosmos
French = weekend; bouquet

34
Q

Neuter

Inflection

A

In language terms, neither male nor female

Any form of change/form which distinguishes grammatical forms of the same lexical unit
Example: boy ~> boys

35
Q

Etymology

A

Study of the historical relations between a word and earlier forms of forms from which developed

36
Q

Amelioration

A

A more positive connotation over time

37
Q

Pejoration 

A

 When a word takes on a more negative connotation over time

38
Q

Broadening

A

What is the meaning of the word becomes broader/inclusive genitalia meaning

39
Q

Narrowing

A

Meaning of the word becomes Nara/exclusive minutes earlier meaning

40
Q

Prescriptivism

A

The view that language should have structure of rules that must be obeyed in speech and writing

41
Q

Descriptivism

A

The view that no use of language is incorrect, the variation should be acknowledged and recorded rather than corrected

42
Q

Computer mediated discourse

A

The specialist form of language between online users

43
Q

Transmission – cultural transmission theory

A

The learning and passing on of information between people in a group

44
Q

Estuary English – random fluctuation theory

A

A 20th-century English accent, often used by younger people. Originated in areas around the Thames river in London. First recognised by a distinct active in the 1980s. Formed by a Mixture of Received Pronunciation

45
Q

Proto language

A

A common ancestor of modern languages

Example: Latin to English

Relates to wave model/tree model of language change

46
Q

Language family

A

Group of languages that are related in structure/evolved from a common Proto language

Example: French; Portuguese; Romanian

Relates to wave model/tree model of language change 

47
Q

Pidgin

Creole

A

A simplified mix of languages, used to communicate between people who do not share the same language

A natural language, spoken by native speakers, which has developed from a mixture of languages

Relates to wave model/tree model of language change

48
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statement of what the researchers trying to investigate from carrying out a study

49
Q

Bibliography

A

List of all books and other sources used in the research

50
Q

Field of study

A

A specific area within a broader topic from which an investigation can develop

51
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Is a hypothesis which says that there is no statistical difference between two variables or conditions – a researcher aims to disprove the null hypothesis

52
Q

Corpus

A

A large and structured set of texts, usually stored electronically

53
Q

Corpus data

A

The information stored in a corpus comprising of read new text/transcriptions of spoken language

54
Q

Acronym

A

A word formed from the initial letters of two or more successive words

55
Q

Diachrony

A

The study of the changes in a language over time

56
Q

Corpus linguistics

A

Is the study of language and how it changes over a long period of time, based on the analysis of large collections of different text types

57
Q

Sample

A

A third of data/responses collected from a percentage of the whole population selected by a defined procedure

58
Q

Random sample

A

Where everyone who is a member of the population being investigated has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

59
Q

Respondent

A

The person replying

60
Q

Open question

Closed question

A

Where the respondent is free to put any answer

Where the respondent chooses from options given

61
Q

Pilot survey

A

A set of questions devised and distributed to a small population to test the questionnaires questions, and the planned analysis procedure before the main survey

62
Q

Plagiarism

A

Passing of someone else’s work as your own without any acknowledgement

63
Q

Research ethics

A

Principles which car do universally agreed acceptable behaviour to be followed in carrying out research investigations

64
Q

Synchronic linguistics

A

The study of language of a particular time usually a present

65
Q

word sketch

A

A page summary of word information derived from the corpus

66
Q

Lemma

A

Base or stem word

67
Q

Collocation

A

Relation in a corpus whereby two lexical items frequently appear together

68
Q

Mutual information score

A

A measure of how frequently do lexical items collate in a corpus, compared to how often they would be expected to do so

69
Q

Concordancer

A

A software program which analyses patterns from the corpus

70
Q

n-gram

A

In a sequence of items from a sample of text which can be different in length according to the phrase being studied

71
Q

n-gram graph

A

Is a line graph based on data from a particular corpus, which displays change in frequency of use for particular words or phrases over a given time period

English A Level Terminology (9 decks)

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