Unit 7 - Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Where is net energy stored?

Answer 1

Adipose tissue

Question 2

What is alcohol stored as?

Answer 2

Fat and slows metabolism of fat

Question 3

What are the 3 components of energy expenditure?

Answer 3

1. Basal metabolism
2. Voluntary activities
3. Thermic effect of food

Question 4

What does Basal metabolism do?

Answer 4

Everything the body does outside of awareness
BMR - 12-16 hrs after fasting/sleeping (increased with strength exercise)
RMR - little higher

Question 5

What component of energy expenditure has the largest expenditure from food?

Answer 5

Basal metabolism

Question 6

What factors are included in Voluntary activities as a component of energy expenditure ?

Answer 6

muscle mass
body weight
activity

Question 7

What is the thermic effect of food?

Answer 7

cell actvity to move food and produce gastric/other juices creates heat

Question 8

How much % of total food energy taken in is spent in the thermic effect?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Which of the 3 components of energy expenditure has the greatest variability?

Answer 9

Voluntary activities

Question 10

What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

Answer 10

age - BMR slows because lean body mass diminishes
height - tall, thin peeps, higher BMR
growth - kids, teens, pregnant people higher BMR
body composition (sex) - lean tissue=higher BMR
fever - raises BMR
stresses - disease and drugs - raise BMR
environment temps - heat and cold raise BMR
fasting/starvation -lowers BMR
malnutrition - lowers BMR
hormones - speed up or slow down depending
smoking -nicotine increases energy expenditure
caffeine- increases energy expenditure
sleep - BMR is lowest

Question 11

What are the 5 factors that energy requirement calculations should take into account?

Answer 11

1. Sex - body composition
2. Growth - BMR higher during growth periods
3. Age- energy requirements decrease with age
4. Physical activity
5. Height & weight - taller/heavier use more energy

Question 12

BMI calculation

Answer 12

BMI = weight in kg / (height in m)2

Question 13

BMI classification

Answer 13

Underweight BMI: <18.5
Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9
Overweight BMI: 25-29.9
Obese (class I) BMI: 30- 34.9
Obese (class II) BMI: 35-39.9
Extreme Obesity (class III) BMI: >40

Question 14

What are the limitations of BMI?

Answer 14

Not helpful for athletes with lots of muscle mass
not helpful for older adults 65+
not for pregnant/lactating people
Does not account for whether the weight is fat or muscle

Question 15

what are the 3 methods for assessing body weight and composition?

Answer 15

*Anthropometry
1. Central obesity
2. Waist circumference
3. Skin fold measures

Question 16

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

Answer 16

• genetic disorder
• excessive appetite
• massive obesity
• short
• often intellectual DA

Question 17

How many sites in human genome associated with obesity and fat distribution?

Answer 17

Over 300

Question 18

What does it mean if someone has high LPL?

Answer 18

Lipoprotein lipase
- very efficient at storing fat in fat cells
- muscle cell storage is normal levels

Question 19

What is Leptin?

Answer 19

Feedback mechanism
- obesity gene
- hormone produced and secreted by fat cells
- stimulated to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure

• suppression of leptin means increase appetite and decrease energy expenditure

Question 20

What is Ghrelin ?

Answer 20

appetite stimulating hormone that is made and secreted by stomach cells. It works in the hypothalamus to promote efficient energy storage

Question 21

Healthy waist circumference for male & female?

Answer 21

male - <40 inches
female - <35 inches

Question 22

What are the 3 theories that can account for development of obesity

Answer 22

1. Fat Cell Development: The theory that body fatness is determined by the number and size of fat cells
2. Set-point Theory: The theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls.
3. Intestinal Bacteria: The makeup of the intestinal microbiota can change when body weight changes, as the microbiota may influence energy balance.

Question 23

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

Answer 23

Hunger is natural
Appetite is learned

Question 24

What is the different between satiation and satiety?

Answer 24

Satiation tells us to stop eating and builds through the meal

Satiety reminds us not to start eating again- after we have eaten

Question 25

What are the risks of taking health products for weight loss?

Answer 25

1.They are not regulated so can have all kinds of things dangerous for consumption without oversight - can have serious health risks
2.using other weight loss products or how they interact with medications
3.age and risk factor dependent
4.don’t order stuff online that a HCP has not given you and has not examined you
5.Don’t take them together without discussing with HCP
6buying from unreliable sources
7don’t use stuff “off label” - what it’s not intended for
8 natural does not mean safe

Question 26

Which is more powerful, hunger or satiety?

Answer 26

Hunger

Question 27

What is the most satiating nutrient?

Answer 27

Protein

Question 28

What is a weight normative approach?

Answer 28

A weight normative approach focuses on weight loss / management to prevent and treat health problems

Question 29

What is a weight inclusive approach?

Answer 29

A weight inclusive approach takes the focus off of a patients weight and focuses more on overall health.

Question 30

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 30

focuses on taking a look at the cues that are causing behaviours which are resulting in consequences.

• ie) sitting in front of the tv might be a cue to eat chips. so maybe need to change the cue and the behaviour to change the consequence.