Unit 6 water and minerals Flashcards
What 7 things does water do in the body?
1.carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
2 maintains the structure of large molecules like proteins and glycogen
involved in metabolic reactions
3. is a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids , glucose and other many small molecules so they can be involved in metabolic actives
4. maintain blood volume
5.aids in regulation of normal body temps - evaporation of sweat removes excess heat from body
6. acts as lubricant and cushion around joints and inside eyes, spinal cord,
7. amniotic sac surrounding a fetus
what is the diff between body electrolytes and urine electrolytes?
kidneys filter all of the sodium out of the blood and absorb to the blood stream what the body needs to keep . Helps keep the body electrolytes constant
- urinary electrolytes fluctuate according to what is eaten
Water makes up how much % of body weight ?
60%
Where is water mostly stored ?
lean tissue and some in fat
Sodium
-main functions,
-deficiency
-toxicity
-factors that affect
-absorption
-food sources
-main functions,
- maintains volume of fluid outside the cell
-toxicity
- HTN
- CVD
- cerebral hemorrhage
- DASH diet can help
- Physical activity can help
What are minerals?
- naturally occurring
- inorganic
- essential
- chemical elements
What defines a major and trace mineral?
major >5grams in body
trace <5 grams in body
What 2 minerals are under consumed ?
Calcium
Potassium
What mineral is over consumed?
Sodium
What minerals help with fluid balance?
Sodium NA
Chloride Cl
Potassium K
What minerals help with nerve transmission and muscle contractions?
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Calcium Ca
Magnesium Mg
Which minerals helps with metabolism ?
phosphorus
magnesium
What minerals help with bones?
Calcium
phosphorus
Magnesium
What mineral helps with the shape of proteins?
Sulfur
What are the 7 major minerals?
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
What are the trace minerals?
Chromium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc
What is the DRI for sodium?
1,500mg for adults
Chloride
-main functions,
-deficiency
-toxicity
-factors that affect
-absorption
-food sources
main function
- major negative ion of extracellular fluids
- electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
-in stomach hydrochloric acid
food sources
- salt
Potassium
Function
- major positively charged ion found inside all living cells
deficiency
- If brain cells lose K+ then they can’t detect fluid loss
- low K+ raises BP
- high K+ can prevent or correct HTN
- happens with loss (diuretics) than lack of intake
Toxicity
- supplements
- K+ injected into vein can stop the heart
Foods
- Fresh whole foods
- Veggies and fruits
-legumes
-almonds
Dash diet - K+ is increased
What mineral is the most abundant in the body?
Calcium
Calcium
function
- bone growth early in life
- prevents bone disease later in life
- 99% stored in Bones (teeth)
- 1% is in the fluids
- if not enough calcium intake, the body will take from the bones
Toxicity
-constipation,
-interference with the absorption of other minerals
- increased risk of kidney stone formation
Foods
- milk & dairy
- leafy greens
- Sardines canned
- Salmon canned
almonds, calcium-set tofu, calcium-fortified juices, fortified soy beverages, and fortified rice or nut based beverages
What vitamin helps calcium deposit in bones?
Vitamin D
What are the 4 things that happen when the body needs more Calcium?
- Small intestine absorbs more
- Bones release into the blood
- kidneys excrete less calcium
- bones are robbed of calcium
Phosphorus
Function
- 85% in bones and teeth
- in all body tissues as phosphoric acid
Deficiency
rare
Toxicity
- can cause calcification of non-skeletal tissues (especially in patients with chronic kidney disease)
Food
- dairy
- animal
- some legumes
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Function
- half in the bones, rest in muscles, heart, liver and other soft tissues
- 1% in body fluids
- critical to many cell functions
deficiency
- borrows from the bones
- kidneys will work to conserve magnesium
- worsen inflammation
- HF, stroke, DM II
- happens in prolonged N&V, excessive alcohol use, severe malnutirtion - diuretics
- cause low calcium levels in blood
- muscle cramps, seizures, hallucinations in etoh withdrawl
- swallowing difficulties
- growth issues
Toxicity
- magnesium salts
- hard & soft water
Foods
- whole foods are better
Nuts, legumes, seafood, whole grains, dark green vegetables and chocolate
Sulfate
Function
- synthesis of many important sulfur-containing compounds -amino acids
- form the protein in skin, hair, and nails
- compounds include antioxidants, and the B vitamins biotin and thiamin.
Iron
- In every living cell
- stored in bone marrow
- sent to liver and packed into RBC
- spleen and liver break down RBC
- Iron goes back to bone marrow for storage
Deficiency
Pica- eating non food things
Toxicity
- toxic in large amounts
- hard for body to get rid of it
-hemochromatosis (iron overload) - genetic
- severe = tissue damage can occur, with liver damage and abnormal heartbeats
Foods
meats, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs,
-enriched and whole grain products,
-dark green leafy vegetables (like spinach and swiss chard),
-dried fruits.
What is the most common nutrient deficiency?
Iron
What is hemochromatosis?
Iron overload
too much absorbed in intestinal tract
What is the leading cause of fatal, accidental poisonings among Canadian children under 6 years of age?
Iron Supplement toxicity
What vitamin can triple nonheme iron absorption?
Vitamin C
3 substances in foods that inhibit Iron absorption
- Tannins—found in tea and coffee
- Calcium and phosphorus—in milk
- Phytates—accompany fibre in whole-grains and legumes
What does a person with anemia want to eat?
consume vitamin C or meat, fish or poultry with meals to enhance iron absorption and avoid milk, tea, or coffee with meals
What does a person with hemochromatosis want to eat?
consume milk, tea, or coffee with meals to inhibit iron absorption and avoid consuming vitamin C rich foods with meals, as well as limit consumption of meat, fish, and poultry.
Zinc
Function
-works with proteins in every organ and helps to activate over 50 enzymes in the body
Deficiency
-deficiency causes growth impairment, which can be partially reversed when zinc is restored in the diet
- digestive functions, and the immune system becomes drastically impaired
- rise in infections
-in pregnancy, zinc deficiency can lead to problems with the growth and development of the fetus
-abnormal taste
-abnormal night vision
-disturb normal thyroid function, slowing the body’s metabolic rate, causing loss of appetite
- slowing wound healing
Toxicity - from suppliments
-loss of appetite, impaired immunity, and even death
- lowers copper absorption
- reduce HDL cholesteral levels
- Iron absorption inhibited
Foods
Animal products, such as meats, shellfish, poultry, and milk products are the main sources
legumes
whole grains
What are signs of vitamin deficiency?
abnormal taste, and abnormal night vision
How much Iron do people need?
Males- 8mg
Females- 18 mg
Vegetarians - 1.8X
Selenium
Function
-works as an antioxidant, and enzymes containing selenium are needed for proper functioning of iodine-containing thyroid hormones
Toxic in large quantities
Foods
- Brazil nuts help
meats and seafood, as well as grains and vegetables (dependant on the selenium content of the soil they were grown in
What is Keshan disease?
a heart disease in children and young women living in regions of China where soil and foods lack selenium - they get a virus
Iodine
Function
- Iodine is part of the thyroid hormones, which are responsible many functions, including regulating metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, regulating body temperature.
Deficiency
-cells in the thyroid gland enlarge, attempting to trap more particles of iodine.
- a goiter
-sluggishness and weight gain, because of iodine’s role in creating thyroid hormones
- cretinism (extreme and irreversible mental and physical impairment), in the infant- must treat in first 6 months of pregnancy
Toxicity
- Excessive intakes of iodine can also cause enlargement of the thyroid gland.
- Iodine is a deadly poison when taken in large amounts
Foods
Salt is Ionized
What is Cretinism
- Iodine deficiency
- (extreme and irreversible mental and physical impairment), in the infant- must treat in first 6 months of pregnancy
Copper
-Copper containing enzymes play many roles in the body, including assisting in wound healing, manufacturing collagen, and maintaining the sheaths around nerve fibres.
-Copper also helps the cells to use iron.
Foods
meat and alternatives, such as organ meats, seafood, legumes, nuts and seeds, as well as in whole grains.
Maganese
Function
Works with lots of enzymes
foods
found in plant foods
Fluoride
Function
-primary role is to inhibit the development of dental carries in adults and children through the role it plays in the mineralization of teeth (as well as bones)
Toxicitiy
Fluorosis is a condition where too much fluoride is consumed, causing discolouration in developing teeth
What is Fluorosis?
Fluorosis is a condition where too much fluoride is consumed, causing discolouration in developing teeth
Chromium
Function
- plays a role in how the body metabolizes carbohydrates and fat –
- Chromium works closely with the hormone insulin
Deficiency
- problems with blood sugar regulation
Foods
-liver, nuts, cheese, brewer’s yeast, whole grains, as well as fruits and vegetables.
DASH eating plan includes what kinds of foods?
veggies - potassium rich
fruits
whole grains
low fat dairy
limit saturated fats- 7% of cal intake
limit sugars
limit red meat
limit cholesterol to 150mg/day
how is iron availability different between animal and plant sources?
Animal
- heme iron is more absorbable
- nonheme
Plant
- nonheme
- not as easy to absorb
What dietary factors effect absorption of iron?
Vitamin C helps
these block :
tannins of tea, coffee
milk calcium
phylates in legumes and whole grain all impair iron absorption
What does ADH do?
It is released from pituitary gland
- when salts are too concentrated
- low BP
- ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water and not excrete it
What does renin do?
When BP drops cells in kidneys release renin
- aldosterone and renin cause kidneys to hold in water
What mechanism in the brain regulates water balance?
hypothalamus monitors blood salts and stimulates pituitary gland when water needs to be held in
