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Systems final test > Unit 7- Endocrine system > Flashcards

Unit 7- Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the control system?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems regulate the internal
environment of the organism, keeping the homeostasis and allowing proper changes when the internal and external environment require it

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2
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

Neurotransmitter release. Fast action, short effect

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3
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

hormone release to the
bloodstream from glands that may be far from the target tissues. Slower action, longer effects

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4
Q

Where are endocrine cells found

A

can be found all along the organism, both forming specialised glands or as part of other organs.

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5
Q

what is the role of hormones?

A

Hormones act only on target cells, which are the ones with specific receptors located on either the membrane or the
cytoplasm.

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6
Q

what is a neuroendocrine release?

A

hormones are produced and released by specialised neurons, that instead of producing chemicals into a synapse, release the chemicals into the bloodstream just like endocrine cells

-Happens in neurons from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Describe the hypothalamus?

A

1)located in the diencephalon
2)Widely connected with other areas of the brain (homeostatic structure)
3)Link between the endocrine and nervous system

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8
Q

what are the two neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A

1)ADH- antidiuretic hormone: increase water reabsorption in the kidneys are regulated blood pressure

2)Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction during labour, stimulates milk ejection, postpartum, triggers maternal behavior

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9
Q

what are hypothalamic thropic hormones?

A

Hypothalamic trophic hormones
are produced by another
nucleus

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10
Q

what are ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL TRUE HORMONES?

A

Two hormones (prolactin and growth hormone) that are produced only when the body needs them:

  • If they are not needed, production is blocked by a hypothalamic factor (PIH or GHIH).
  • When they are needed, production is stimulated by a hypothalamic trophic factor (PRH or GHRH).
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11
Q

what are the thyroid hormones?

A

-Hypothalamic trophic factor: TRH
- Anterior pituitary trophic factor: TSH
- Final hormones: T3, T4

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12
Q

what are the functions of the thyroid hormones?

A

1)Regulate basal metabolism
2)Effect on body temperature
3)Regulate growth and development processes

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13
Q

How would higher levels of T3 and T4 affect the hypothalamus?

A

-Decrease the synthesis of TRH
-In return, the synthesis of TSH at the pituitary also lowers
-Therefore, the thyroid would produce less T3 and T4

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14
Q

what is the role of ADH?

A

Water reabsorption and blood pressure regulation

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15
Q

what is the role of oxytocin?

A

Uterine contraction, milk ejection and social behavior

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16
Q

what is permissiveness?

A

when a hormone enables another hormone to act

17
Q

what is the role of the medulla?

A

produced adrenaline (Epinephrine) and noradrenaline (sympathetic response)

18
Q

what is the role of cortisol?

A

-released during stress
-regulated by cardiac rythms
-Chronic stress can cause immunosuppression and energy depletion

19
Q

what is the role of FSH in the testes axis?

A

controls spermatogenisis

20
Q

what is the role of LH in the testes axis?

A

Controls testosterone synthesis

21
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone?

A

Androgen hormone

22
Q

Where is testosterone found?

A

In both males and females.

Females need it for the production of estrogen

23
Q

what is the role of estrogen?

A

-regulates secondary female traits
-regulates the menstrual cycle
-Increase blood supply to the uterus thickening the endometrium

24
Q

what is the role of progesterone?

A

-prepares the uterus for pregnancy
-supports early gestation
-Prevents new follicles from maturing making it difficult for the sperm to pass through

25
Q

what happens from day 1-5 in the menstrual cycle?

A

-Menses phase
-Early follicle phase of the ovary
-Main hormones: FSH
-Follicle development

26
Q

What happens from days 6-13 in the menstrual cycle?

A

-proliferative phase
- Follicle cells start producing
estrogens to trigger ovulation. Uterine walls begin with the swelling.

27
Q

what happens from days 14 -16 in the menstrual cycle?

A

-Ovulation
-levels of estrogen and LH peak
-trigger oocyte release to the uterus
-triggers production of progesterone

28
Q

what happens from day 17-28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

-Luteal phase of the ovary
-Higher levels of progesterone and
estrogens at the beginning
-without fertilization, the corpus luteum disappears (becoming the
corpus albicans)
-both hormones decrease, and the integrity of the endometrium becomes compromised and begins to slough its outer layer
-restarting the cycle with menstruation.

29
Q

how does pregnancy occur?

A

-If fertilization has occurred after ovulation, after 5‐9 days the embryo will be implanted in the wall of the
uterus
- the chorionic villi will form, which will give rise to the placenta.

-during pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels will remain high
- inhibiting the anterior pituitary gland through feedback and preventing the maturation of more follicles
-Many of the physiological effects that will occur in the pregnant woman are due to these hormonal changes.

30
Q

where is relaxin produced in males and females?

A

Males: in the prostate

Females: in non-pregnant women, it occurs in the corpus luteum

-In pregnant women, it is produced in the placenta

31
Q

What are oral contraceptives based on?

A

Negative feedback loops that regulate the production of sex hormones in women

32
Q

How does the contraceptive pill work?

A

-Contains two hormones: LH and FSh
-By increasing the concentration of the hormones adenohypophysis decreases
-Without the proper hormone concentration ovulation does not occur
-The pill also increases the viscosity of the cervical mucus making it harder for the sperm to enter the endometrium

33
Q

what is glucose?

A

Monosaccharide that comes from the digestion of carbohydrates

-The main substrates that form ATP in our cells

-after digestion is absorbed into the small intestine into the bloodstream

34
Q

what are cardiac rythms

A

those biological, behavioral and physiological processes that suffer variations on a daily basis.

35
Q
A

Systems final test (4 decks)

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