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AP Psychology > Unit 7- Emotion, Motivation, Stress and Personality > Flashcards

Unit 7- Emotion, Motivation, Stress and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Motive

A

A need or a want that causes us to act.

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2
Q

Motivation

A

Motivation directs and maintains goal-directed behavior.

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3
Q

Motivation Theories

A

Explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

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4
Q

Instinct theory

A

Physical and mental instincts- Such as curiosity and fearfulness
cause us to act.

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5
Q

Instincts

A

inherited automatic species-specific behaviors.

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6
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Drive - state of tension or arousal caused by biological/physiological needs. Unpleasant state that drives us.
Drive-reducing behaviors- we are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drives to maintain homeostasis.

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7
Q

Drive

A

State of tension or arousal caused by biological/physiological needs.

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8
Q

Drive Reducing Behaviors

A

We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drives to maintain homeostasis.

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9
Q

Incentive theory

A

Motivation comes from incentives that give awarded outcomes or avoidance from punishment
Incentives can be positive or negative external stimuli that motivate and pull us toward a behavior

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9
Q

Arousal theory

A

People are motivated to take actions to increase or decrease arousal levels to achieve & maintain a personal optimum level of arousal. Each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks which varies with the person and the activity. Arousal is the level of alert- ness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, for easy tasks, moderately high arousal is optimal; for difficult tasks, moderately low is optimal; and for most average tasks, a moderate level of arousal is optimal.

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10
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Everyone wants to improve and reach self-actualization. Physiological motives are primary motives such as hunger, thirst, pain, and sex influenced by biological factors, environmental factors, and learned preferences and habits. Arranges biological and social needs in priority from the lowest level of (1) basic biological needs to (2) safety and security needs to (3) belongingness and love needs to (4) self-esteem needs to (5) self-actualization needs. The need for self-actualization, the need to fulfill one’s potential, and tran- scendence, spiritual fulfillment, are the highest needs and can only be realized after each succeeding need below has been fulfilled; lacks evidence to support theory.

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11
Q

Physiological motives

A

Primary motives such as hunger, thirst, pain, and sex are influenced by biological factors, environmental factors, and learned preferences and habits.

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12
Q

Hunger

A

Increases with stomach contractions, low blood sugar, high insulin levels that stimulate the lateral hypothalamus (LH); high levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, GABA, and neuropeptide Y that stimulate the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN); environmental factors such as the sight and smell of desired foods; and stress. Stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) stops eating behavior.

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13
Q

Set Point

A

A preset natural body weight, is determined by the number of fat cells in our body.

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14
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Eating disorders most common in adolescent females are characterized by a weight less than 85 percent of normal, abnormally restrictive food consumption, and an unrealistic body image.

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15
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of eating binges involving intake of thousands of calories, followed by purging, either by vomiting or using laxatives.

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16
Q

Sex

A

Necessary for the survival of the species, but not the individual. Testosterone levels in humans seem related to sexual motivation in both sexes.

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16
Q

Thirst

A

Increases with mouth dryness; shrinking of cells from loss of water and low blood volume which stimulate the lateral hypothalamus; and sight and smell of desired fluids.

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17
Q

Pain

A

Promotes avoidance or escape behavior to eliminate causes of discomfort.

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18
Q

Sexuality Orientation

A

Refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest:

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19
Q

Homosexuality

A

A tendency to direct sexual desire toward another person of the
same sex.

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20
Q

Bisexuality

A

A tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of both sexes.

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21
Q

Heterosexuality

A

Tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex.

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22
Q

Social Motives

A

Learned needs, such as the need for achievement and the need for affiliation, energize behavior acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture.

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22
Q

Sexual Response

A

Sexual arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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23
Q

Need for achievement

A

A desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence, related to productivity and success. People with a high need for achievement choose moderately challenging tasks to satisfy their needs.

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24
Q

Affiliation motive

A

The need to be with others; is aroused when people feel threatened, anxious, or celebratory.

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25
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform an activity for its own sake.

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26
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward such as money, applause, or attention.

27
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Where promising a reward for doing something we already like to do results in us seeing the reward as the motivation for performing the task. When the reward is taken away, the behavior tends to disappear.

28
Q

Social conflict situations

A

Involve being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block us from attaining a goal, leaving us feeling frustrated and stressed.

29
Q

Approach-approach conflicts

A

Situations involving two positive options, only one of which we can have

30
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

A

Situations involving two negative options, one of which we must choose.

30
Q

Approach-avoidance conflicts

A

Situations involving whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence or consequences.

31
Q

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

A

Situations involving several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects.

31
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Emotions develop because of their adaptive value, allowing the organism to avoid danger and survive. We often know how we feel before we know what we think.

32
Q

Emotions

A

Psychological feelings that involve physiological arousal (biological component), conscious experience (cognitive component), and overt behavior (behavioral component). Physiological arousal involves stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hormonal secretion. The limbic system is the center of emotions; the amygdala influences aggression and fear and interacts with the hypothalamus. Basic emotions such as joy, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust are inborn. Cross-cultural studies support the universal recognition of at least six basic emotions based on facial expressions. Different cultures have different rules for showing emotions. No one theory accounts completely for emotions:

33
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion. On repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger.

33
Q

James-Lange’s theory

A

Conscious experience of emotion results from one’s awareness of autonomic arousal.

34
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

The thalamus sends information to the limbic cerebral cortex simultaneously so that conscious experience of emotion accompanies physiological processes.

35
Q

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

A

We determine an emotion from our physiological arousal and then label that emotion according to our cognitive explanation for the arousal.

36
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in.

36
Q

Health psychology

A

Look at relationship between psychological behavior—thoughts, feelings, and actions and physical health.

37
Q

Alarm reaction

A

Stressor triggers increased activity of the sympathetic nervous
system.

37
Q

Stress

A

Both psychological and physiological reactions to stressors; situations, events, or stimuli that produce uncomfortable feelings or anxiety.

38
Q

Resistance

A

Raised temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
maintained; levels of adrenaline and corticosteroids rise.

38
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Three-stage process describes our body’s
reaction to stress

39
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

Immune system is weakened, increased susceptibility to ulcers,
depression, death.

40
Q

Catastrophes

A

Unpredictable, large-scale disasters that threaten us.

41
Q

Significant life changes

A

Events-stressful changes in our lives such as the death of a loved one, marriage, starting college, etc.

42
Q

Holmes and Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A

Rates stressful events in our lives. The greater the number and intensity of life-changing events, the greater is the chance of developing physical illness or disease in the following year.

43
Q

Daily hassles

A

Everyday annoyances that together can raise our blood pressure, cause headaches, and lower our immunity.

44
Q

Type A personalities

A

High achievers, competitive, impatient, multitaskers, who walk, talk, and eat quickly.

44
Q

Positive psychology

A

The scientific study of optimal human functioning.

45
Q

Type B personalities

A

Relaxed and calm in their approach to life.

46
Q

Coping strategies

A

Active efforts to reduce or tolerate perceived levels of stress. Maladaptive coping strategies include aggression; indulging ourselves by eating, drinking, smoking, using drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much; or using defense mechanisms.

47
Q

Self-concept

A

Our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality.

48
Q

Self-esteem

A

One part of our self-concept or how we evaluate ourselves

49
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

When people know that they are being observed, they change their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good.

50
Q

Extroversion (also extraversion)

A

Measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment, as opposed to our private mental experiences.

51
Q

Trait theory

A

A trait is a relatively permanent characteristic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior.

52
Q

Collective efficacy

A

Our perception is that with collaborative effort our group will obtain its desired outcome. Research studies indicate high self-efficacy is more beneficial in individualistic societies and high collective efficacy in collectivistic societies for the achievement of group goals.

53
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Our belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent.

54
Q

Projection

A

Attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others. Displacement-shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another less threatening person or object.

54
Q

Sublimation

A

Redirecting unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors.

55
Q

Reaction formation

A

Acting in a manner exactly opposite of our true feelings.

56
Q

Rationalization

A

Offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior; making unconscious excuses.

57
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to an earlier level of development is characterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior.

58
Q

Repression

A

The most frequently used and powerful defense mechanism; is the pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind; unconscious forgetting.

59
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distort reality

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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