Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
Behavioral Approach
The psychological perspective that is concerned with behavioral reactions and stimuli; learning as a result of experience
Ivan Pavlov
Known for classical conditioning for doggies- He paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Over time, the dogs began to associate the bell with food and would start to salivate at the sound of the bell, even when no food was presented.
John Watson
Known for experiments in classical aversive conditioning- founded classical behaviorism, treated behavior = as the conditioned response of an organism to environmental stimuli and inner biological processes and that rejected as unscientific all supposed psychological phenomena
B.F. Skinner
Known for experiments in Operant Conditioning.
example of experiment:
Skinner used a hungry rat in a Skinner box to show how positive reinforcement works. The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately after it did so, a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Approach
Psychological perspective concerned with how conscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.
Humanistic Psychologists
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
Sigmund Freud
“Father of psychoanalysis”
Psychodynamic Psychologists
Carl Jung, Arnold Adler, Karen Horney, Kohut
Humanistic Approach
Psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth towards one’s potential.
Biological Approach
Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.
Cognitive Approach
Psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language.
Who studied cognitive development in children?
Jean Piaget!
Evolutionary Approach
Psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors’ genes; evolutionary psychologists take a Darwin approach to the study of human behavior.
Socio-cultural approach
psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.
Biopsychosocial Model
Overarching psychological perspective that integrates biological processes, psychological factors and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes than a single approach
Eclectic
Use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches.
Clinical Psychologists
Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
Developmental Psychologists
Study psychological development throughout the lifespan.
Educational Psychologists
Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place.
Engineering Psychologists and Human Factors Psychologists
Do research on how people function with the best machines
Experimental psychologists
Do research to add new knowledge to the field.
Forensic Psychologists
Apply psychological principals to legal issues.
Heath Psychologists
Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness.
Industrial/Organizational Psychologists
Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principals and methods to the workplace.
