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AP Psychology > Unit 7 - Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

A

get information in, retain information, take information out

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3
Q

Cognitive Revolution (1960s-70s)

A

Noam Chomsky - rejected behaviorist explanations of all behavior (language)
He believed language users followed rules. Key to understanding language was mental processes and cognitive structures

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4
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Standard Theory Model

A

came up with 3 levels of memory - sensory, short, and long-term memory

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information into the memory system

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6
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few things briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number when dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

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7
Q

long-term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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8
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from the long term memory.
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

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9
Q

dual-track memory

A

explicit and implicit processes

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10
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”.
(AKA declarative memory)

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11
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection (AKA nondeclarative memory)

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12
Q

effortful processing

A

paired with explicit memory - encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
(Read, talk, text)

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13
Q

automatic processing

A

paired with implicit memory - unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
(Space, time, frequency)

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second (sensory memory)

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds (sensory memory)

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16
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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17
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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18
Q

heirarchies

A

in a addition to chunking and mnemonics individuals also process information into hierarchies

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19
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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20
Q

shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words (short term, sensory)

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21
Q

deep processing

A

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention (long term)

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

neural center located in the limbic system - helps process explicit memories for storage
The route, not the actual location

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23
Q

cerebellum

A

plays a key role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning
Basal ganglia are deep brain structures involved in motor movement that facilitate formation of procedural memories for skills
(implicit memories)

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24
Q

amygdala

A

two limbic-system, emotion-processing clusters. Emotions can determine how a memory is stored
-Stressful situations
-Serotonin inducing situations
(emotions)

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25
Alzheimer's
first identified by German neurologist first described by senile plaque (build of protein which causes neurons to die). Type of dementia where patients lack acetylcholine. Definitive diagnosis is during the autopsy
26
Korsakov's
related to alcohol consumption and a lack of thiamine Confabulation - patients make up info to fill memory gaps. Smaller hippocampi than most. Affects the cardiovascular and central nervous system
27
Flashbulb memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. As detailed and accurate as a photograph. “Capture this!”
28
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Changes in synapse level. Drugs that block LTP interfere with learning and memory
29
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test
30
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test
31
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
32
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Relearning task - rationale was that he wanted to study the properties of memory and forgetting, the fundamentals
33
retrieval cue
a useful prompt or reminder for the information to be retrieved
34
priming
the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
35
context dependent memory
influence of surrounding information and your own knowledge (ducking don’t like you)
36
mood-congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
37
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
38
recency effect
the level of collect recall on the final items of the originally presented list
39
von restorff effect
when the information in a list is unique or strange
40
Forgetting
loss from memory. Simply refer to situations in which there is a difficulty remembering due to various reasons. Not complete loss of memory
41
Amnesia
loss of memory or memory abilities caused by brain damage or disease. Sometimes temporary due to a strong blow to the head or acute emotional or physical distress. Some are relatively permanent
42
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories - after brain injury
43
Retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information from one's past - memories before brain injury
44
proactive interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (forwards-acting)
45
retroactive interference
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (backward-acting)
46
tip of tongue phenomenon
when individuals momentarily unable to recall some shred of information, often a person’s name, that they know is stored in long term memory
47
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. (type of motivated forgetting)
48
misinformation effect
incorporation misleading information into one’s memory of an event
49
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
50
deja vu
that eerie sense that “i’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience (french for "already seen")
51
how to improve memory
Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Test your knowledge, both to rehearse it and to find out what you do not know
52
cogntivie science
the scientific study of thought, language, the brain-in short, the scientific study of the mind
53
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
54
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
55
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
56
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
57
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
58
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
59
Robert Sternberg's 5 components of creativity
Expertise - well-developed base of knowledge Imaginative thinking skills - provide the ability to see things in novel ways Venturesome personality - seeks new experiences Intrinsic motivation - is being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge A creative environment - sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas
60
algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (formulas)
61
heuristics
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently (faster, but more error-prone)
62
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
63
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past
64
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling ofr tough, as contrasted with explicit and conscious reasoning Judging probability of events we do so on the basis of the representative heuristic
65
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match other prototypes - may lead us to ignore other relevant information
66
availability heuristic
estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory (how many / frequency relevant examples can be remembered)
67
belief perserverence
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
68
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
69
phoneme
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Basic sounds that compose a language Group of language sounds are treated as the same sounds, despite physical differences among the sounds
70
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word ort part of a word
71
syntax
the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their relationship to one another or sentence structure
72
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules from combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
73
language development
Babbling stage - abt 4 months - utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language One-word stage - age 1-2 Two-word stage - age 2 Telegraphic speech - early speech stage mostly nouns and verbs
74
aphasia
impairment of language caused by left-hemisphere damage either to brocas or wernickes
75
broca's aphasia
producing speech (left hemi frontal lobe)
76
wernicke's aphasia
word salad - left temporal lobe
77
Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis
An organizing issue in studies of cultural influences on language and thought is how one’s language affects one’s thinking.
78
strongest version of whorf
In the strongest version, the hypothesis claims that language controls both thought and perception to large degree, that is, you cannot think about ideas or concepts that your language does not name
79
weaker version of whorf
In its weaker version, the hypothesis claims that your language influences and shapes your thought, for instance making it merely more difficult rather than impossible to think about ideas without having a name for them
80
linguistics determinism
whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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