Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 150 > Unit 7 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood to organs where it branches into many arterioles within organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arterioles

A

primarily resistance vessels

diameter is smaller than arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Capillaries

A

smaller branches of arterioles where exchanges made with cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Venules

A

capillaries rejoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Veins

A

venules merge and return blood to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Arteries characteristics

A

thick, highly elastic walls and lumen has large diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arterial tissue contains

A

collagen fibres - provide tensile strenght against pressure of blood during systole
Elastin fibres provide elasticity to arterial walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of arteries

A 
passageways for blood from heart to organs
pressure reservoir (drives blood forward into capillaries when heart is relaxing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arterioles

A

very little elastin but have large smooth muscle layer innervated by sympathetic fibers
able to adjust circumference of arteriole and change of flow of blood
vascular tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arteriolar radius

A

when smooth muscle pressure around arteriole is changed -> radius and blood flow are changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Local influences on arteriolar radius

A

local cemical and metabolic changes in specific organ, vasoactive mediators and physical influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vasodilation caused by

A

smoother muscle relaxation
local chemical and metabolic changes in organ
local vasoactive mediators
heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vasoconstriction caused by

A

smooth muscle contraction
local chemical and metabolic changes in organ
local vasoactive mediators
cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Capillaries characteristics

A

thin-walled, small radius extensively branched
maximized surface area to minimize diffusion distance
narrow water filled gaps (pores) between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pre-capillary sphincter

A

between arteriole and capillary
ring of smooth muscle around entrance but capillary has no smooth muscle
controls blood flow to capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When cells need more blood and O2

A

arterioles and sphincter relaxes allowing more blood into area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when chem concentration become normal

A

sphincters partially close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Veins

A

venous system transports blood back to heart
large radius, thin walls and less smooth muslce -> little resistance to blood flow
blood reservoid
valves prevent backflow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lymphatic System

A

more fluid is filtered out of cap then veins reabsord

picks up extra fluid - > venous system near RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Funtions of Lymphatic System

A

return of excess fluid
phagocytes which destroy bacteria
transport of absorbed fat
return of filtered protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood Pressure

A

force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

BP depends on

A

volume of blood contained within vessel and vessel compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure exerted by ejected blood against vessel walls during systole (120)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimun pressure in arteries when blood is draining off into vessels downstream (80)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure driving blood forward during cardiac cycle

MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Total peripheral resistance(TPR)

A

total resistance of all systemic vessels together

the higher TPR the high BP etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Influence cardiac output & TPR to increase ot decrease BP when needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are baroreceptors

A

carotic sinus and aortic arch to sence changes in MAP and pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

baroreceptor reflex

A

short term and long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Short term control adjustments

A

occur within seconds

chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic arteries sensitive to low o2 or high levels of H+ in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how much body weight is made up of blood

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

average blood volume

A

5L in women

5.5L in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three components of blood

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

35
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, 02 transport

36
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, immune system’s defense units

37
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments important in hemostasis

38
Q

plasma proteins

A

90% water

6-8% plasmas total weight

39
Q

albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein

contribute to osmotic pressure

40
Q

globulins

A

three subclasses: alpha and beta bind substances

theta are immunoglobins for defense mechanism

41
Q

fibrinogen

A

key factor in blood clotting

42
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC-contain nucleus, organelles or ribosomes

43
Q

Normal RBC count

A

Male - 5.4 million/drop

Female - 4.8 million/drop

44
Q

Erythrocytes structure

A

biconcave discs
thinness of cell
flexible membrane

45
Q

Biconcave discs

A

large surface area for O2 diffusion across membrane

46
Q

Thinness of cell

A

O2 diffuses rapidly between ICF and ECF areas

47
Q

Flexible membrane

A

Doesn’t rupture through narrow capillaries

48
Q

Hematocrit

A 
% of blood occupied by erythrocytes
"packed cell volume"
Female normal range 38-46% (av. 42%)
Male normal range
40-54% (av. 45%)
49
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Pigment containing iron
Found only in red blood cells
Reddish when oxygenated
bluish when deoxygenates
Lack of inner structures= more room for haemoglobin
One rbc has > 250 million haemoglobin molcules
98.5% of O2 in blood bound to haemoglobin

50
Q

Haemoglobin consists of what 2 parts

A 
globin portion
4 iron (heme) groups
51
Q

Globin portion

A

protein of four highly folded polypeptide chains

52
Q

4 iron heme groups

A

each bound with 1 polypeptide

also bound to 1 O2 molecule -> each haemoglobin molecule binds to 4 O2 molecules

53
Q

Haemoglobin also binds with

A

CO2 (from tissue to lungs)
H+ of ionized carbonic acid(Hgb buffers acid to prevent change in blood pH
Carbon monoxide - nor normally in blood but prefers to bind with Hgb if inhaled
Nitric oxide - binds to NO in lungs vasodilation of arterioles

54
Q

Key Erythrocyte enzymes

A

Glycolytic enzymes

carbonic anhydrase

55
Q

Glycolytic enzymes

A

no mitichondria to make ATP

need glycolysis for ATP formation

56
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes reaction that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ion HCO2
Primary form in which CO2 is transported in blood, Hgb also binds to CO2

57
Q

RBC life cycle

A

RBC’s live only 120 days - more fragile, rupture through capillaries, no nucleus no DNA, must be replaced at rate of 2 million to 3 million cells/second
macrophages in spleen and liver remove worn out cells
hemolysis products recycled

58
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

low O2 delivery -> kidneys secrete erythropoietin -> stimulates erythroiesis in bone marrow -> increaded O2 delivery to tissue

59
Q

Erythroiesis

A

pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow differentiate into different types of blood cells reticulocytes - immature RBC, reticulocytes escape from bone marrow into blood, 1-2 days become a mature RBC

60
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC’s - have nucleus but lack colour
mobile units of body’s immune defense system
recognizes and destroys/neutralizes materials foreign to ‘normal self’
‘clean up crew’ removes worn-out cells and tissue debris

61
Q

WBC’s

A 
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
62
Q

eosinophils

A

live 3-4 days 1-4%

63
Q

basophils

A

live 3-4 days
least common (0.25-.5%)
dispersed throughout connective tissue

64
Q

monocytes

A

live months/years

mature and enlarge in resident issue and become macrophages

65
Q

lymphocytes

A

live 100-300 days

2nd most common (25-33%) with single nucleus occupies most of cell

66
Q

neutrophils

A 
live 3-4 days 
most common (60-70%)
67
Q

platelet (thrombocyte)

A

disc shaped, 2-4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus (normal platelet count is 150 000-350 000/cu mm of blood.
FROM MEGAKARYOCYTE)
liver produces thrombopoietin ( increases # of megakaryocytes in bone marrow, each is stimulated to produce more platelets)
1/3 stored in spleen (rekeased as needed into blood, av life span 10 days, macrophages in liver and spleen remove old ones)

68
Q

functions of platelets

A

hemostasis (stop loss of blood from broken blood vessel)
Steps: 1.vascular spasm 2.platelet plug formation 3. clot formation (coagulation) 4.clot retraction 5.clot destruction
Clot temporary device until vessel repair.

69
Q

Vascular spasm

A

reduce blood flow through damaged vessel

70
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  1. platelets aggregate when contact exposed collagen in damaged vessel
  2. platelets release ADP and thromboxane A2 -> more circulating platelets aggregate
  3. prostacyclin and NO released so platelet aggregation doesn’t spread to undamaged tissue
71
Q

Clot formation

A

transform blood from liquid into a solid gel(can’t flow)
most powerful haemostatic mechanism
steps involving 12 plasma clotting factors to form fibrin mesh
involves simultaneous extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
occur simultaneously with platelet aggregation

72
Q

extrinsic pathways

A

contact with tissue factors external to blood

thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X

73
Q

Intrinsic pathways

A

uses elements in blood

begins when factor X!! activated by exposed collagen in injured vessel

74
Q

Final Common Pathway

A

Pathways meet where prothrombin converted into thrombin
thrombin(converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads, activates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII to convert fibrin into tightly woven meshwork, fibrin then entraps rbc -> clot formed, fibrin wraps platelet plug, + feedback to facilitate own formation, enhances platelet aggregation)

75
Q

clot retraction

A

once clot formed, platelets contract to shrink fibrin mesh

fluid (serum) pulled from clot

76
Q

clot destruction

A

enzyme plasmin trapped in clot and breaks down fibrin
produced by liver, inactive form is plasminogen
plagocytic leukocytes remove products of clots

77
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A antigen -> Type A
B antigen -> Type B
Both A & B -> Type AB
No antigens -> Type O

78
Q

ABO blood groups antigen and antibodies

A

Type A: A antigen Anti-B antibody
Type B: B antigen Anti-A antibody
Type AB: AB antigen no antibodies
Type O: no antigens and both AB anti-bodies

79
Q

ABO blood groups remember

A

Antigen A reacts with anti-A antibody etc.

80
Q

Rh blood groups

A

Rh antigen may be on RBC surface + or -

Significance: during blood transfusion, pregnancy with Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus

81
Q

Rh+

A

Rh antigen on RBC surface and no anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

82
Q

Rh-

A

Rh antigen absent but anti-Rh antibodies develop with exosure to blood with Rh antigen (Rh+ blood)

83
Q

Whose a universal recipient

A

Blood group AB+

84
Q

who’s a universal donor

A

Blood group O-

Physiology 150 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions