Unit 7 - Cardiorespiratory system Flashcards
What is the primary way oxygen is carried in the blood?
Hemoglobin - O2 chemically binds to hemoglobin to be transported through the body, represents 98-99% of O2 in the blood
Plasma - O2 is dissolved within the plasma, Represents 1-2% of O2 in the blood
What is the formula for cardiac output? What units is it listed in?
CO = VO2/Ca - Cv
CO = Cardiac output
VO2 = Oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute
Ca = Oxygen content of arterial blood
Cv = Oxygen content of mixed venous blood
Measured in liters per minute
What area of the body is unaffected during exercise in respect to blood flow?
Cerebral blood flow/ the brain
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Plasma - 10% of CO2 is dissolved within plasma
Hemoglobin - 20% of CO2 binds with hemoglobin
Bicarbonate Ions - 70% of CO2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
Where does all gas exchange occur between tissues and the vascular system?
Alveoli
Does resting HR increase or decrease with exercise?
Resting heart rate decreases with regular exercise
What are the major functions of blood?
- transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
- forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
- carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
- bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood.
- regulating body temperature.
What blood vessel drains blood from the lower extremities? Upper?
Venules
What are the functions of the respiratory system? CV system?
- To provide the cells of the body with a constant supply of oxygen
- To transport vital sources of energy throughout the body to be used at the tissue level
- To aid in the removal of waste products (ex. CO2)
- Helps in thermoregulation
- Helps prevent infection
- The transport system (cardiovascular) must work in conjunction with the gas exchange system (respiratory) to get maximal performance from an athlete
- Regulate blood pH
What is the order of the pathway of the vascular system?
The correct path of a drop of blood through the vascular system is
right atrium,
right ventricle,
pulmonary arteries,
lungs, pulmonary veins,
left atrium,
left ventricle,
aorta,
large arteries,
medium arteries,
arterioles,
capillaries,
venules,
medium veins,
large veins,
vena cavae.
Can you state the path blood takes through the heart?
From the body, deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart
Into the superior and inferior vena cava
Then into the right atrium
Then through the tricuspid valve
Into the right ventricle
Through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Oxygenated blood moves through the left pulmonary vein
Enters the left atrium
Goes through the bicuspid valve
Enters the left ventricle
Goes the the aortic semilunar valve
Goes into the aorta and thoracic aorta
Is transported to the rest of the body
During prolonged exercise how is the need for O2 met by the muscles?
Working muscles use up to 20 times more oxygen than at rest. This need is met in the following ways:
1. The Nervous system controls distribution of blood flow using arterioles in two ways.
Arterioles that supply the working muscles would be opened to allow more blood flow
Arterioles that supply the gut would constrict to reduce blood flow to organs that do not need as much blood (This is called “shunting”).
(The system increases the amount of blood flow that is directed to the working muscle while blood flow to less active organs, such as the stomach, intestine, and kidneys, is decreased.)
2. Increased venous return due to muscle contraction
What are the adaptations to training seen by the Respiratory System?
- Breathing rates increase
- Lungs increase their ability to expand
- The strength and endurance of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles improves
- More capillaries are formed
- The numbers of alveoli in the lungs increase
- The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide improves as the gradient between each becomes larger
Aerobic fitness training tends to improve the efficiency of the body’s tissues at absorbing O2 and removing CO2, while anaerobic fitness and muscular endurance training tends to improve the capacity for this gas exchange
What are the adaptations to training seen by the CV System?
-Stronger heart
- increase in blood volume
- greater maximal cardiac output
SA (sinoatrial node):
- Specialised region of tissue found in wall of right atrium
- Location where electrical signals are initiated
- Influenced by the autonomic nervous system
Atrioventricular node:
- Passes electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
- Passes electrical signal to the bundle of HIS
bundle of HIS:
Also known as the atrioventricular bundle
Runs down the ventricular septum to form R and L bundle branches
Purkinje fibres:
Pass electrical signals to the myocardium
