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Grade 12 Introductory Kinesiology > Exam review > Flashcards

Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

Upright, hands, eyes, toes face forward, arms straight to the side, forearms supinated.
A-pose

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2
Q

Distal

A

away from the center (midline) of the body
away from a point of attachment

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3
Q

Proxial

A

nearer to the center (midline) of the body
nearer to a point of attachment

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4
Q

Frontal plane

A

Cuts the body into front and back

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5
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Cuts the body into left and right
(Saggitarius’ are two faced and mid)

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6
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cuts the body into top and bottom
(Trans people get top surgery)

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7
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Goes through the top of the head, going down and coming out of the vag
(Longest axis)

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8
Q

Antero-posterior axis

A

Goes from the front out the back
(Antero (front) posterior (back))

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9
Q

Horizontal axis

A

goes through the left and right side of the pelvis
(Imagine the x axis on a graph, the person is the graph)

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10
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Behind

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11
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

front

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12
Q

Superior

A

above

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Under

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14
Q

Medial

A

Towards the MID line

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15
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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16
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Flexing the foot so toes point upwards
(Flexing a dorsal muscle (dorsal like dorsal fin))

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17
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Flexing the foot so toes point down

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18
Q

Suppination

A

Holding soup

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19
Q

Pronation

A

Hand position in hitler salute (Pronation=nationalism)

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20
Q

Long bones

A
  • consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities
  • primarily compact bone, may have spongy bone at the ends
  • include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm.
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21
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bulky end of a bone

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22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a bone

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23
Q

Epiphysial line

A

Fused growth plates

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24
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone tissue

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25
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space in bone filled with cancellous bone

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26
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of bone

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27
Q

Periosteum

A

Mid layer of bone

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28
Q

Compact bone

A

Innermost layer of bone

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29
Q

Cartilage

A

Protects bone

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30
Q

Grwoth plate

A

Unfused plates, growth possible

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31
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • Spine
  • Vertebrae 1-7 are cervical (7 total)
  • Vertebrae 8-19 are thoracic (12 total)
  • Vertebrae 20-24 are lumbar (5 total)
  • Sacrum and coccyx are at the end
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32
Q

Shoulder girdle

A
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
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33
Q

Radius

A

Lateral forearm bone/bone that is closest to the thumb

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34
Q

Ulna

A

Medial forearm bone
(Go to shake someones hand, Ulna is UNDER)

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35
Q

Pelvis

A
  • Scarum (tail) (Think sarco, they have tails)
  • Coccyx (End of sacrum) (think cock and scrotum, balls/scrote drops before the cock develops)
  • Ilium (wing lookin ass)
  • Iscium (inferior most past of pelvis, boney butt bone)
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36
Q

Tibia

A

Bigger, inner bone
(TChad Tibia)

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37
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller, outer bone

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38
Q

Short bones

A

Square

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39
Q

Flat bones

A

Flat, typically curved, cranium plates

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40
Q

Irregular bones

A

Weird
- Pelvis
- Mandible

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41
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Found in muscles or tendons
- pulley to alleviate stress on muscle or tendon

Patella (kneecap)

42
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • Immovable
  • Bound tightly together by connective tissue
    e.g., interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures which become immobile after birth, teeth sockets
43
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Slightly moveable
  • Bones are connected by cartilage
    e.g., intervertebral discs of spinal column, symphysis of pubis
44
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Freely movable.
  • The most common joint.
  • Bony surfaces are separated by a lubricating fluid (the synovia) and cartilage
  • Joined by ligaments that enclose the ends of articulating bones and form the capsule containing the synovial membrane (snyovial membrane makes synovia)
    e.g., the knee, shoulder, ankle
45
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Gliding
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Saddle
  • Ellipsoid
46
Q

Ball and socket joint (Synovial)

A
  • Ball of one bone fits into the socket of another allowing movement in all planes (tri-axial).
  • Examples: shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity) and hip (femur in the acetabulum) joints
47
Q

Gliding joints (Synovial)

A
  • Connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces permitting gliding movements.
  • Examples: joints in the bones of the foot between the tarsals and in the hand among the carpals
  • No axes
48
Q

Hinge joints (Synovial)

A
  • Have a convex portion on one bone and a concave portion of another which allow movement in one plane (uni-axial).
  • Examples: knee, phalanges, elbow and ankle joints.
    (Lego man lego man you have the cast) - When u broke ur elbow
49
Q

Pivot joints (Synovial)

A
  • These joints allows rotation in one plane (uni-axial)
  • A rounded part of one bone fits into the groove of another.
  • Examples: radius at the radioulnar joint, first two cervical vertebrae in the neck (allows head rotation when saying no)
50
Q

Saddle joint (Synovial)

A
  • Allow movement in two planes (i.e., flexion –extension, adduction-abduction) but do not allow any rotation.
  • Examples: the thumb (carpometacarpal joint), sternoclavicular joint (in shoulder)
51
Q

Ellipsoid joint (Synovial)

A
  • Allow movement in two planes (bi-axial) without rotation.
  • Examples include: wrist between radius and carpal bones, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)
52
Q

Characteristics of synovial joints

A
  • Synovial fluid - acts as a lubricant and provides nutrients
  • Joint capsule - Is a fibrous structure that consists of a synovial membrane, which allows certain nutrients to pass through - and a fibrous capsule, which keeps synovial fluid from leaking
  • The bursae - small, flattened fluid sacs at friction points between tendons, ligaments, and bones
  • Extrinsic ligaments - Are separate from the joint capsule and help reinforce the joint by attaching the bones together
  • Intrinsic ligaments - Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule
  • Articulating cartilage - Located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another. This cartilage protects the ends of the bone and allows for smooth contact surface for the the bone to move while also acting as shock absorbers
53
Q

Joint injuries

A
  • Tendinitis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Bursitis
54
Q

Tendinitis

A
  • Inflammation of a tendon
  • Caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal use
  • Treatment involves rest and cold and heat therapy and may also include cast, splints, or injections of corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs).
55
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • A condition involving loss of cartilage at a joint.
  • Decreases effect of shock absorption and lubrication.
  • Degenerative disease that is irreversible.
  • Common in older people.
  • Characterized by joint pain, stiffness & restricted mobility.
  • Usually occurs in large weight bearing joints (hips, knees) but can affect the hands, feet & spine.
56
Q

Bursitis

A
  • inflammation of the fluid sacs (bursae) at the friction points between ligaments, tendons & bones.
57
Q

Sprains

A
  • Sprains are associated with ligaments and tendons.
58
Q

Pulls and strains

A
  • Pulls and strains are associated with muscle.
59
Q

Tears

A
  • Tears are associated with muscles, ligaments and tendons.
60
Q

Disclocations

A
  • Bone is displaced from its original location.
  • Usually involves damage to the joint capsule and the ligaments and possibly the muscles and tendons, depending on the severity.
61
Q

Seperations

A
  • Occur when bones held together by fibrous ligaments, tear and separate from each other.
  • Separations are classified from Grades 1 – 6 (1,2 incomplete, 4-6 complete separations)
    Ex. Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.
62
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Lines the walls of most blood vessels
  • Lines hollow organs (Digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, etc)
  • Short, tapered cells
  • Arranged to form tight knit sheets
  • No striations
  • Uninucleate
  • Involuntary
  • Squeeze substances through
63
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • Only found in the heart
  • Regular contractions propel blood
  • Striated in pinstripe manner
  • Uninucleate
  • Cells divide and converge
  • Intercalated disks - the glue that hold muscle cells together when they contract, contain pores so electrical and chemical signals can move from one cell to the next
64
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • Attaches to all bones in the skeleton
    Supports posture
  • Pulls on bones or skin when they contract
  • Long-cylindrical cells, striations look like pinstripes
  • Movements are voluntary (you must think or react to move)
65
Q

Indirect attachment (Most common)

A

Muscle ⇒ Tendon ⇒ Periosteum

66
Q

Direct attachment

A

Muscle ⇒ Periosteum

67
Q

Concentric contraction

A
  • Concentric contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle shortens as tension is produced.
  • For example, the upward phase of a biceps curl is a concentric contraction.
68
Q

Eccentric contraction

A
  • Eccentric contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle increases as tension is produced.
  • For example, the lowering phase of a biceps curl constitutes an eccentric contraction.
69
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  • According to this theory, myosin filaments use energy from ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments with their cross bridges.
  • This pulls the actin filaments closer together
  • The movement of the actin filaments also pulls the Z lines closer together, thus shortening the sarcomere
70
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • An increase and growth of muscle cells
  • Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscular size achieved through exercise
71
Q

Atrophy

A
  • decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue
72
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The Vertebral Column and the Spinal Cord:
- Main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system

The Brain:
- Main control center
- Accepts and co-ordinates endless information from all parts of the body
- Has six main parts: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Limbic system, Reticular activating system
- Note: the optic nerve and therefore the eye is considered part of the brain.

73
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Carries information in and out of the CNS via nerves which include: 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • PNS is responsible for the beating of the heart and the digestive system, and all other voluntary neuromuscular controls
  • Contains both autonomic and somatic components
74
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle and the smooth muscles of our internal organs are regulated by the ANS.

The ANS is comprised of two opposing systems:
1. The Sympathetic Nervous System.
- Causes localized bodily adjustments to occur (sweating or cardiovascular changes, heart rate increase/decrease, pupils dilating, etc.)
- Prepares body for emergencies (i.e. releases adrenaline, increases heart rate, widening of the blood vessels)
- “Fight or flight” responses to deal with imminent danger

  1. Parasympathetic Nervous System:
    - Returns body to normal (after it’s been altered by the sympathetic system)

These 2 systems work in unison. The Sympathetic Nervous System makes the changes and the Parasympathetic Nervous System returns it to normal.

75
Q

The Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

The SNS handles the muscles in our extremities allowing us control of our arms and legs to move about.
Contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibres:
- Afferent (Sensory) nerves: Send information to the CNS
- Efferent (Motor) nerves: Send instructions to skeletal muscle

76
Q

Muscle spindle

A
  • are more complex, resembles the spindle of a spinning wheel
  • are the means by which muscles constantly and automatically adjust to demands
  • help maintain muscle tension & are sensitive to changes in muscle length (rather than tension).
  • contains 2 afferent and 1 efferent nerve fibres and it detects changes in the muscle fibre length and responds to it. The resulting contraction allows the muscle to maintain proper muscle tension or tone, e.g., an erect posture.
  • “Knee jerk reflex”
  • Length based
77
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • are the sensory receptors that terminate where tendons join to muscle fibre.
  • Detect changes in muscle tension (when the change in tension is detected, an impulse is sent, causing the muscle to relax, thereby preventing injury)
  • help protect the muscle from excessive tension that could damage the muscle
  • Tension based
78
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Send information to the CNS

79
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Send instructions to skeletal muscle

80
Q

Reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor recieves an initial stimulus
  2. Sensory nerve carries impulse to the spinal column or brain
  3. Intermediate nerve fibre interprets signal and issues appropriate response
  4. Motor carries response from spinal chord to the muscle or organ
  5. Effector organ carries out response
81
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

CTE is a degenerative brain disease found in athletes (especially football & hockey players), military veterans, and others with a history of repetitive brain trauma.

82
Q

Concussion

A

Occurs when brain literally hits the skull; often involves injury to nerve fibres, ranges from mild to severe, symptoms can include: headaches, fatigue, memory problems, or slurred speech

83
Q

What is the order of the pathway of the vascular system?

A

The correct path of a drop of blood through the vascular system is
right atrium,
right ventricle,
pulmonary arteries,
lungs, pulmonary veins,
left atrium,
left ventricle,
aorta,
large arteries,
medium arteries,
arterioles,
capillaries,
venules,
medium veins,
large veins,
vena cavae.

84
Q

Can you state the path blood takes through the heart?

A

From the body, deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart
Into the superior and inferior vena cava
Then into the right atrium
Then through the tricuspid valve
Into the right ventricle
Through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Oxygenated blood moves through the left pulmonary vein
Enters the left atrium
Goes through the bicuspid valve
Enters the left ventricle
Goes the the aortic semilunar valve
Goes into the aorta and thoracic aorta
Is transported to the rest of the body

85
Q

Pulmonary circulation:

A

The system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation

86
Q

Stroke volume:

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction

87
Q

Heart rate

A

Beats perminute of the heart

88
Q

Cardiac output

A

the quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time, typically measured in liters per minute

89
Q

Venous return

A
  • Rate of blood flow back to the heart
  • It normally limits cardiac output
90
Q

4 stages of development

A
  • Infancy (neonate and up to one year age)
  • Toddler (one to five years of age)
  • Childhood (three to eleven years old)
  • Adolescence or teenage (from 12 to 18 years old)
91
Q

factors that affect physical growth and development

A
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Gender
  • Physical and Mental Well Being
  • Nutrition
  • Family & Social Life
  • Education
  • Play
92
Q

Fundamental movement skills

A
  • Balance skills
  • Locomotor skills
  • Ball skills - such as catching, throwing, kicking, underarm roll and striking
93
Q

cephalocaudal growth

A

growth starts from the head and moves down to the feet.

94
Q

proximodistal growth

A

growth starts from the torso, or the body’s center, and moves outwards, to the arms and the legs

95
Q

Phases of movement

A
  1. preparation/preliminary movement
  2. force production
  3. follow-through
96
Q

5 Key Psychological Skills

A
  • Imagery
  • Self-Regulation.
  • Mental Rehearsal.
  • Self-talk.
  • Goal Setting.
97
Q

Stages of motor learning

A
  • Cognitive Stage: Beginners gain some basic understanding of the task
  • Associative Stage: Learners begin to refine the skill
  • Autonomous Stage: Skill becomes automatic
98
Q

5 steps of KP feedback

A
  1. Observe complete skill
  2. analyze phases
  3. Use knowledge of mechanics
  4. Select errors
  5. Decide how to correct
99
Q

Levers

A

Class 1:
- lever in which the axis (fulcrum) is always between where the force (effort) and the resistance (load) are applied.
Class 2:
- A lever in which the resistance is always between the axis and the force.
Class 3:
- A lever in which the force is always between the axis and the resistance.

100
Q

Newtons laws

A
  1. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force
  2. A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body’s mass.F=m x a
  3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
101
Q

Seven biomechanical principals

A
  1. Stability
  2. Production of maximum force
  3. Production of maximum velocity
  4. Impulse
  5. Direction of application of the apllied force
  6. Production of angular motion
  7. Conservation of angular motion

Grade 12 Introductory Kinesiology (5 decks)

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