Exam review Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
Upright, hands, eyes, toes face forward, arms straight to the side, forearms supinated.
A-pose
2
Q
Distal
A
away from the center (midline) of the body
away from a point of attachment
3
Q
Proxial
A
nearer to the center (midline) of the body
nearer to a point of attachment
4
Q
Frontal plane
A
Cuts the body into front and back
5
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Cuts the body into left and right
(Saggitarius’ are two faced and mid)
6
Q
Transverse plane
A
Cuts the body into top and bottom
(Trans people get top surgery)
7
Q
Longitudinal axis
A
Goes through the top of the head, going down and coming out of the vag
(Longest axis)
8
Q
Antero-posterior axis
A
Goes from the front out the back
(Antero (front) posterior (back))
9
Q
Horizontal axis
A
goes through the left and right side of the pelvis
(Imagine the x axis on a graph, the person is the graph)
10
Q
Posterior/Dorsal
A
Behind
11
Q
Anterior/Ventral
A
front
12
Q
Superior
A
above
13
Q
Inferior
A
Under
14
Q
Medial
A
Towards the MID line
15
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
16
Q
Dorsi flexion
A
Flexing the foot so toes point upwards
(Flexing a dorsal muscle (dorsal like dorsal fin))
17
Q
Plantar flexion
A
Flexing the foot so toes point down
18
Q
Suppination
A
Holding soup
19
Q
Pronation
A
Hand position in hitler salute (Pronation=nationalism)
20
Q
Long bones
A
- consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities
- primarily compact bone, may have spongy bone at the ends
- include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm.
21
Q
Epiphysis
A
Bulky end of a bone
22
Q
Diaphysis
A
Shaft of a bone
23
Q
Epiphysial line
A
Fused growth plates
24
Q
Cancellous bone
A
Spongy bone tissue
25
Medullary cavity
Hollow space in bone filled with cancellous bone
26
Cortex
Outer layer of bone
27
Periosteum
Mid layer of bone
28
Compact bone
Innermost layer of bone
29
Cartilage
Protects bone
30
Grwoth plate
Unfused plates, growth possible
31
Vertebral column
- Spine
- Vertebrae 1-7 are cervical (7 total)
- Vertebrae 8-19 are thoracic (12 total)
- Vertebrae 20-24 are lumbar (5 total)
- Sacrum and coccyx are at the end
32
Shoulder girdle
- Clavicle
- Scapula
33
Radius
Lateral forearm bone/bone that is closest to the thumb
34
Ulna
Medial forearm bone
(Go to shake someones hand, Ulna is UNDER)
35
Pelvis
- Scarum (tail) (Think sarco, they have tails)
- Coccyx (End of sacrum) (think cock and scrotum, balls/scrote drops before the cock develops)
- Ilium (wing lookin ass)
- Iscium (inferior most past of pelvis, boney butt bone)
36
Tibia
Bigger, inner bone
(TChad Tibia)
37
Fibula
Smaller, outer bone
38
Short bones
Square
39
Flat bones
Flat, typically curved, cranium plates
40
Irregular bones
Weird
- Pelvis
- Mandible
41
Sesamoid bones
Found in muscles or tendons
- pulley to alleviate stress on muscle or tendon
Patella (kneecap)
42
Fibrous joints
- Immovable
- Bound tightly together by connective tissue
e.g., interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures which become immobile after birth, teeth sockets
43
Cartilaginous joints
- Slightly moveable
- Bones are connected by cartilage
e.g., intervertebral discs of spinal column, symphysis of pubis
44
Synovial joints
- Freely movable.
- The most common joint.
- Bony surfaces are separated by a lubricating fluid (the synovia) and cartilage
- Joined by ligaments that enclose the ends of articulating bones and form the capsule containing the synovial membrane (snyovial membrane makes synovia)
e.g., the knee, shoulder, ankle
45
6 types of synovial joints
- Ball and socket
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
- Ellipsoid
46
Ball and socket joint (Synovial)
- Ball of one bone fits into the socket of another allowing movement in all planes (tri-axial).
- Examples: shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity) and hip (femur in the acetabulum) joints
47
Gliding joints (Synovial)
- Connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces permitting gliding movements.
- Examples: joints in the bones of the foot between the tarsals and in the hand among the carpals
- No axes
48
Hinge joints (Synovial)
- Have a convex portion on one bone and a concave portion of another which allow movement in one plane (uni-axial).
- Examples: knee, phalanges, elbow and ankle joints.
(Lego man lego man you have the cast) - When u broke ur elbow
49
Pivot joints (Synovial)
- These joints allows rotation in one plane (uni-axial)
- A rounded part of one bone fits into the groove of another.
- Examples: radius at the radioulnar joint, first two cervical vertebrae in the neck (allows head rotation when saying no)
50
Saddle joint (Synovial)
- Allow movement in two planes (i.e., flexion –extension, adduction-abduction) but do not allow any rotation.
- Examples: the thumb (carpometacarpal joint), sternoclavicular joint (in shoulder)
51
Ellipsoid joint (Synovial)
- Allow movement in two planes (bi-axial) without rotation.
- Examples include: wrist between radius and carpal bones, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)
52
Characteristics of synovial joints
- Synovial fluid - acts as a lubricant and provides nutrients
- Joint capsule - Is a fibrous structure that consists of a synovial membrane, which allows certain nutrients to pass through - and a fibrous capsule, which keeps synovial fluid from leaking
- The bursae - small, flattened fluid sacs at friction points between tendons, ligaments, and bones
- Extrinsic ligaments - Are separate from the joint capsule and help reinforce the joint by attaching the bones together
- Intrinsic ligaments - Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule
- Articulating cartilage - Located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another. This cartilage protects the ends of the bone and allows for smooth contact surface for the the bone to move while also acting as shock absorbers
53
Joint injuries
- Tendinitis
- Osteoarthritis
- Bursitis
54
Tendinitis
- Inflammation of a tendon
- Caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal use
- Treatment involves rest and cold and heat therapy and may also include cast, splints, or injections of corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs).
55
Osteoarthritis
- A condition involving loss of cartilage at a joint.
- Decreases effect of shock absorption and lubrication.
- Degenerative disease that is irreversible.
- Common in older people.
- Characterized by joint pain, stiffness & restricted mobility.
- Usually occurs in large weight bearing joints (hips, knees) but can affect the hands, feet & spine.
56
Bursitis
- inflammation of the fluid sacs (bursae) at the friction points between ligaments, tendons & bones.
57
Sprains
- Sprains are associated with ligaments and tendons.
58
Pulls and strains
- Pulls and strains are associated with muscle.
59
Tears
- Tears are associated with muscles, ligaments and tendons.
60
Disclocations
- Bone is displaced from its original location.
- Usually involves damage to the joint capsule and the ligaments and possibly the muscles and tendons, depending on the severity.
61
Seperations
- Occur when bones held together by fibrous ligaments, tear and separate from each other.
- Separations are classified from Grades 1 – 6 (1,2 incomplete, 4-6 complete separations)
Ex. Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.
62
Smooth muscle
- Lines the walls of most blood vessels
- Lines hollow organs (Digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, etc)
- Short, tapered cells
- Arranged to form tight knit sheets
- No striations
- Uninucleate
- Involuntary
- Squeeze substances through
63
Cardiac muscle
- Involuntary
- Only found in the heart
- Regular contractions propel blood
- Striated in pinstripe manner
- Uninucleate
- Cells divide and converge
- Intercalated disks - the glue that hold muscle cells together when they contract, contain pores so electrical and chemical signals can move from one cell to the next
64
Skeletal system
- Attaches to all bones in the skeleton
Supports posture
- Pulls on bones or skin when they contract
- Long-cylindrical cells, striations look like pinstripes
- Movements are voluntary (you must think or react to move)
65
Indirect attachment (Most common)
Muscle ⇒ Tendon ⇒ Periosteum
66
Direct attachment
Muscle ⇒ Periosteum
67
Concentric contraction
- Concentric contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle shortens as tension is produced.
- For example, the upward phase of a biceps curl is a concentric contraction.
68
Eccentric contraction
- Eccentric contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle increases as tension is produced.
- For example, the lowering phase of a biceps curl constitutes an eccentric contraction.
69
Sliding filament theory
- According to this theory, myosin filaments use energy from ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments with their cross bridges.
- This pulls the actin filaments closer together
- The movement of the actin filaments also pulls the Z lines closer together, thus shortening the sarcomere
70
Hypertrophy
- An increase and growth of muscle cells
- Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscular size achieved through exercise
71
Atrophy
- decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue
72
Central nervous system (CNS)
The Vertebral Column and the Spinal Cord:
- Main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system
The Brain:
- Main control center
- Accepts and co-ordinates endless information from all parts of the body
- Has six main parts: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Limbic system, Reticular activating system
- Note: the optic nerve and therefore the eye is considered part of the brain.
73
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Carries information in and out of the CNS via nerves which include: 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- PNS is responsible for the beating of the heart and the digestive system, and all other voluntary neuromuscular controls
- Contains both autonomic and somatic components
74
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle and the smooth muscles of our internal organs are regulated by the ANS.
The ANS is comprised of two opposing systems:
1. The Sympathetic Nervous System.
- Causes localized bodily adjustments to occur (sweating or cardiovascular changes, heart rate increase/decrease, pupils dilating, etc.)
- Prepares body for emergencies (i.e. releases adrenaline, increases heart rate, widening of the blood vessels)
- "Fight or flight" responses to deal with imminent danger
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System:
- Returns body to normal (after it’s been altered by the sympathetic system)
These 2 systems work in unison. The Sympathetic Nervous System makes the changes and the Parasympathetic Nervous System returns it to normal.
75
The Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
The SNS handles the muscles in our extremities allowing us control of our arms and legs to move about.
Contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibres:
- Afferent (Sensory) nerves: Send information to the CNS
- Efferent (Motor) nerves: Send instructions to skeletal muscle
76
Muscle spindle
- are more complex, resembles the spindle of a spinning wheel
- are the means by which muscles constantly and automatically adjust to demands
- help maintain muscle tension & are sensitive to changes in muscle length (rather than tension).
- contains 2 afferent and 1 efferent nerve fibres and it detects changes in the muscle fibre length and responds to it. The resulting contraction allows the muscle to maintain proper muscle tension or tone, e.g., an erect posture.
- "Knee jerk reflex"
- Length based
77
Golgi tendon organs
- are the sensory receptors that terminate where tendons join to muscle fibre.
- Detect changes in muscle tension (when the change in tension is detected, an impulse is sent, causing the muscle to relax, thereby preventing injury)
- help protect the muscle from excessive tension that could damage the muscle
- Tension based
78
Afferent nerves
Send information to the CNS
79
Efferent nerves
Send instructions to skeletal muscle
80
Reflex arc
1. Receptor recieves an initial stimulus
2. Sensory nerve carries impulse to the spinal column or brain
3. Intermediate nerve fibre interprets signal and issues appropriate response
4. Motor carries response from spinal chord to the muscle or organ
5. Effector organ carries out response
81
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
CTE is a degenerative brain disease found in athletes (especially football & hockey players), military veterans, and others with a history of repetitive brain trauma.
82
Concussion
Occurs when brain literally hits the skull; often involves injury to nerve fibres, ranges from mild to severe, symptoms can include: headaches, fatigue, memory problems, or slurred speech
83
What is the order of the pathway of the vascular system?
The correct path of a drop of blood through the vascular system is
right atrium,
right ventricle,
pulmonary arteries,
lungs, pulmonary veins,
left atrium,
left ventricle,
aorta,
large arteries,
medium arteries,
arterioles,
capillaries,
venules,
medium veins,
large veins,
vena cavae.
84
Can you state the path blood takes through the heart?
From the body, deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart
Into the superior and inferior vena cava
Then into the right atrium
Then through the tricuspid valve
Into the right ventricle
Through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Oxygenated blood moves through the left pulmonary vein
Enters the left atrium
Goes through the bicuspid valve
Enters the left ventricle
Goes the the aortic semilunar valve
Goes into the aorta and thoracic aorta
Is transported to the rest of the body
85
Pulmonary circulation:
The system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation
86
Stroke volume:
volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction
87
Heart rate
Beats perminute of the heart
88
Cardiac output
the quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time, typically measured in liters per minute
89
Venous return
- Rate of blood flow back to the heart
- It normally limits cardiac output
90
4 stages of development
- Infancy (neonate and up to one year age)
- Toddler (one to five years of age)
- Childhood (three to eleven years old)
- Adolescence or teenage (from 12 to 18 years old)
91
factors that affect physical growth and development
- Genetics
- Environment
- Gender
- Physical and Mental Well Being
- Nutrition
- Family & Social Life
- Education
- Play
92
Fundamental movement skills
- Balance skills
- Locomotor skills
- Ball skills - such as catching, throwing, kicking, underarm roll and striking
93
cephalocaudal growth
growth starts from the head and moves down to the feet.
94
proximodistal growth
growth starts from the torso, or the body's center, and moves outwards, to the arms and the legs
95
Phases of movement
1. preparation/preliminary movement
2. force production
3. follow-through
96
5 Key Psychological Skills
- Imagery
- Self-Regulation.
- Mental Rehearsal.
- Self-talk.
- Goal Setting.
97
Stages of motor learning
- Cognitive Stage: Beginners gain some basic understanding of the task
- Associative Stage: Learners begin to refine the skill
- Autonomous Stage: Skill becomes automatic
98
5 steps of KP feedback
1. Observe complete skill
2. analyze phases
3. Use knowledge of mechanics
4. Select errors
5. Decide how to correct
99
Levers
Class 1:
- lever in which the axis (fulcrum) is always between where the force (effort) and the resistance (load) are applied.
Class 2:
- A lever in which the resistance is always between the axis and the force.
Class 3:
- A lever in which the force is always between the axis and the resistance.
100
Newtons laws
1. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force
2. A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body’s mass.F=m x a
3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
101
Seven biomechanical principals
1. Stability
2. Production of maximum force
3. Production of maximum velocity
4. Impulse
5. Direction of application of the apllied force
6. Production of angular motion
7. Conservation of angular motion
