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BEHP5013 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

A document that specifies a contingent
relationship between the completion of a
specified behavior or tsk and access to a
specific reward

A

Contingency contract

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2
Q

Contracts are not used for…

Skill Aquisition or permenant products

A

skill aquisition

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3
Q

Contracts are used for….Aquisition or permenant products

A

permanent products

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4
Q

The individual’s verbal repertoire must be
sufficiently advanced so that his/her behavior
comes under the control of the contract

A

Contracts

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5
Q

Task, signatures, reawards, and data collection are necessary elements of a _____

A

Contract

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6
Q

Should monitor progress of contract and provide interim rewards

A

Progress record

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7
Q

The opportunity to engage in a highprobability behavior contingent upon the
occurrence of low-probability behavior will
reinforce the low-probability behavior

A

Premack principle

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8
Q

Payoff should be immediate; Initially reward small approximations; reward frequently with small amounts; reward accomplishments, not obiedience; reward performance after it occurs; must be fair, honest, and positive; terms must be clear; used systematically; date begins and ends must be included

A

Contracting Rules

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9
Q

Derisi model

A

behavior; amount and kind of reward; signatures of all involved; schedule for review of progress

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10
Q

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
members of a group is dependent on the
behavior of a person within the group, a
select of group members within the larger
group, or each member of the group meeting
a performance criterion

A

Group Contingency

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11
Q

Consider using group contingencies when

A

Group of persons share certain problem
Unrealistic to set up individual programs
Difficult to identify the person responsible for
x behavior
Singling out one person to reward may cause
problems with peers

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12
Q

Types of group contingencies

A

Independent; dependent; interdependent

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13
Q

A contingency in which reinforcement for
each member of a group is dependent on
that person’s meeting a performance criterion
which is in effect for all members of the group

A

Independent group contingency

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14
Q

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
members of a group is dependent on the
behavior of one member of the group or the
behavior of a select members within the
larger group

A

Dependent group contingency

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15
Q

Dependent group contingency is also known as

A

Hero procedure; Consequence sharing

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16
Q

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
group members of a group is dependent on
each member of the group meeting a
performance criterion that is in effect for all
members of the group

A

Interdependent group contingency

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17
Q

Group average: Advantages

A

Group members may continue to work hard
to meet criterion even when they see peers
failing to meet the criterion

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18
Q

Group average: Disadvantage

A

Some group members may become “free riders”

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19
Q

Advantage of random selection with group

contingencies

A

As it is uncertain who will be selected as the
person to be evaluated, all members may
work harder and try to meet the criterion

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20
Q

Advantages of group contingencies

A

May save time as do not need to design multiple
programs
May be easier to implement that individualized
programs
May work quickly
Takes advantage of natural peer-to-peer influence
Group members may encourage “hero” or all
other peers
Group members may discontinue reinforcing
undesirable behavior of “hero” or all other peers
Peers may put too much pressure on the “hero” or other peers

21
Q

Disadvantages of group contingencies

A

If the “hero” does not earn the reward or if
some peers lose the reward for the group,
others may retaliate
Can be tricky to implement successfully
depending on the makeup of the group
May have other undesirable effects

22
Q

Guidelines for implementing group

contingencies

A 
Choose powerful rewards
Determine the behavior to be strengthened or
weakened
Set appropriate performance criteria
Combine with other procedures when
appropriate
Select the most appropriate group
contingency
Monitor individual and group performance
23
Q

Can be used with independent, dependent,
or interdependent group contingencies;
Members cannot predict which group
members, target behaviors, settings, and/or
times on which the reward will be contingent;
Can be a powerful strategy for promoting
generalization and maintenance

A

Indiscriminable group contingency

24
Q

A system whereby participants earn
generalized condition reinforcers as an
immediate consequence for specific
behaviors

A

Token economy

25
Q

Components of token economies

A

What do we want the individual to do?
What kind of “token”?
What will help motivate the individual?

26
Q

Steps in designing a token economy

A

Select tokens
Identify target behaviors
Select back-up items that can be exchanged
for tokens
Establish the ratio of earning and exchanging
Develop procedures
Field testing and training

27
Q

When selecting tokens consider….

A 
Consider:
Client characteristics
Safety of the token
Difficulty to bootleg
Durability
Cost
Ease of delivery
28
Q

Identifying target behaviors

A 
Mostly behavior to accelerate;
Observable;
Measureable;
Clearly defined;
Criteria for earning token(s)
29
Q

Back-up reinforcers as MOs

A

Highly preferred back-up reinforcers function
as an establishing operation for positive
reinforcement
They increase the effectiveness of tokens as
reinforcement
Non-preferred back-up reinforcers function as
a abolishing operation

30
Q

ratio of earning

A

Approximately how often you will deliver

tokens for each behavior

31
Q

How many tokens are needed before they

can exchange tokens

A

Establish exchange ratio and system

32
Q 
When to deliver tokens
When to exchange tokens
Plan for what happens when criteria are not
met
Data collection system
A

Develop procedures

33
Q

Covertly record when tokens would have

been delivered

A

Field testing

34
Q

Advantages of token economy systems

A 
Powerful behavior change system
Immediate delivery of reinforcement
Does not interrupt task or activity
Depth and individualization
Facilitate money usage
Facilitates data collection
35
Q

Disadvantages of token economy systems

A 
Complex and cumbersome
Staff intensive
Requires constant monitoring
May be unnatural or intrusive
System eventually requires fading
36
Q

Phasing out token economy system

A 
Always pair tokens with praise
Gradually increase earning criteria
Increase cost of items
Switch to natural back-up reinforcers
Fade out physical tokens
Reduce amount of time in effect
Use self-monitoring and level system
37
Q

A component of some token economy
systems in which participants advance up or
down throughout a succession of levels
contingent on their behavior at the current
level

A

Level system

38
Q

Best to use level systems when

A 
Multiple behavior change targets
Behaviorally similar population
Similar target environments
Target population’s behavior is controlled,
somewhat, by delayed or mediated
contingencies
39
Q

Advantages of level systems

A

Simplifies staff training
Provides systematic guidelines for decisions
Can offset the individual differences that
control decisions
May be used to fade out a token economy
program

40
Q

Disadvantages of level systems

A

Can become punitive
Easily misused
Relying on level system too much

41
Q

The personal application of behavior change
tactics that produces a desired change in
behavior

A

Self-management

42
Q

Self-management strategies

A

Identify target behavior
Self-monitor
Identify discriminative stimuli and establishing
operations
Arrange contingencies to support selfmanagement
Identify immediate and delayed positive and
negative consequences for engaging in the
target behavior
Get an accountability partner

43
Q

Self-management strategies for problem

behavior

A

Identify and display alternative responses
that compete with and/or are incompatible
with the target behavior
Identify private and public precursors

44
Q 
Providing prompts
Performing the initial steps of a behavior
chain
Removing necessary items
Restricting stimulus conditions
A

Ways to self-manage

45
Q

Advantages to self-management

A

Can lead to lasting change
Skills may contribute to a more efficient
classroom, workplace, or home
Some people perform better under selfselected goals and standards
One of the ultimate goals of education
“feels good”

46
Q

A procedure whereby a person systematically
observes his behavior and records the
occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target
behavior

A

Self-monitoring

47
Q

Recording when the target behavior occurs
Data are collected as behavior occurs
Need to make sure monitoring is accurate

A

How to self-monitor

48
Q 
Self-selection and definition of the target
behavior to be managed
Self-observation and recording
Specification of the procedures for changing
the target behavior
Implementation of the self-management
strategy
Evaluation of self-management program
A

Elements of teaching self-management

49
Q

Self-monitoring is likely to be more effective

if

A

The behavior is recorded immediately after it
occurs
Effective prompts cue the person to observe
and record regularly
Permanent product of the behavior or a
record of its occurrence is made for
evaluation

BEHP5013 (5 decks)

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