Unit 7 33-36 And 44 (Mishape) Vocab

Question 1

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 1

An inability to form new memories.

Question 2

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 2

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

Question 3

Proactive Interference

Answer 3

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 4

Retroactive Interference

Answer 4

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 5

Repression

Answer 5

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 6

Misinformation

Answer 6

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Question 7

Source Amnesia

Answer 7

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Question 8

Déjà vu

Answer 8

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 9

Cognition

Answer 9

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 10

Concept

Answer 10

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 11

Prototype

Answer 11

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)

Question 12

Creativity

Answer 12

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Question 13

Convergent thinking.

Answer 13

Narrows the advailable problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Question 14

Divergent thinking

Answer 14

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

Question 15

Algorithm

Answer 15

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more errir-prone-use of heuristics.

Question 16

Heuristic

Answer 16

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

Question 17

Insight

Answer 17

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 18

Confirmation bias

Answer 18

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 19

Mental set

Answer 19

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 20

Intuition

Answer 20

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 21

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 21

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 22

Availability Heuristic

Answer 22

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind. (Perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 23

Overconfidence

Answer 23

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

Question 24

Belief Perseverance

Answer 24

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 25

Framing

Answer 25

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 26

Language

Answer 26

Our Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 27

Phoneme

Answer 27

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 28

Morpheme

Answer 28

In a language the smallest unit that Carrie's meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

Question 29

Grammar

Answer 29

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Question 30

Babbling Stage

Answer 30

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Question 31

One-word stage

Answer 31

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 32

Two word stage

Answer 32

The beginning about age 2, the stage to speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Question 33

Telegraphic speech

Answer 33

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 34

Aphasia

Answer 34

Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to brocas area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding.)

Question 35

Broca's area

Answer 35

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 36

Wernicke's area

Answer 36

Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Question 37

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 37

Where's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.