Unit 7 31-32

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 5

Parallel processing

Answer 5

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contracts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Question 6

Sensory memory

Answer 6

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 7

Long-term memory

Answer 7

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 8

Working memory

Answer 8

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory.

Question 9

Explicit memory

Answer 9

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 11

Automatic processing

Answer 11

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, such as word meanings.

Question 12

Implicit memory

Answer 12

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative.)

Question 13

Iconic memory

Answer 13

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

Organizing items into familiar, manageable uinits; often occurs automatically.

Question 15

Mnemonics

Answer 15

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 16

Spacing effect

Answer 16

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 17

Testing effect

Answer 17

Enchanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Question 18

Shallow processing

Answer 18

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Question 19

Deep processing

Answer 19

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words;tends to yield the best retention.

Question 20

Psychophysiological illness

Answer 20

Literally mind body illness, any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Question 21

Psychoneuroimmunoology

Answer 21

Psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 22

Lymphocytes

Answer 22

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

Question 23

Coronary heart disease

Answer 23

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developing countries

Question 24

Type A personality

Answer 24

Friedman and roseman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anget-prone people.

Question 25

Type B

Answer 25

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.