Unit 7 31-32 Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Encoding
The process of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contracts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory.
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, such as word meanings.
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative.)
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable uinits; often occurs automatically.
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing effect
Enchanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words;tends to yield the best retention.
Psychophysiological illness
Literally mind body illness, any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunoology
Psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
Coronary heart disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developing countries
Type A personality
Friedman and roseman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anget-prone people.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
