Unit 7&11 Cognition Flashcards
AP Unit 5
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Eidetic memory
photographic memory, the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with extreme precision.
Sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Maintenance rehearsal
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. Increases time info can stay in short term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Visual encoding
the encoding of picture images
Acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Imagery
mental pictures;a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second