Unit 6 - Learning Flashcards

Collegeboard Unit 4

1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Taste aversion

A

also known as the Garcia effect. Occurs when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

19
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

20
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

21
Q

Reinforcer

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment)

24
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

25
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
26
Premack principle
Also known as the relativity theory of reinforcement. More probable (desirable) behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable (desirable) behaviors (activities).
27
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
28
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
29
Fixed-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
30
Variable-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredicted number of responses
31
Fixed-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
32
Variable-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
33
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
34
Positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior
35
Negative punishment
taking away a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior
36
Contingency model of classical conditioning
A is contingent (depends) upon B and vice versa. Says that the subject has to expect one stimulus to follow another in order to respond.
37
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
38
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
39
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
40
Observational learning
Learning by observing others. Also called social learning
41
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
42
Vicarious reinforcement/punishment
in observing someone else being punished or reinforced for a particular behavior, the observers behavior will increase or decrease due to observing the punishment or reinforcement
43
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior